60 Years, Looking For The Era Label Of Accounting.

In the 60 years since the founding of new China, our accounting system has been in existence.

1949 -1957: New China Accounting in 1949, at the beginning of the founding of new China, China introduced the former Soviet Union's planned economic accounting theory and mode, and established 7 new accounting buzzwords in establishing the new socialist accounting theory system and mode in New China.

In basic accounting theory research, there are 5 Accounting buzzwords.

The first is the debates on the method of accounts receipts and debit and credit bookkeeping. At that time, most scholars believed that the debit and credit bookkeeping method was both scientific and rigorous. Two, the idea of whether accounting had class nature had aroused heated discussion in the industry, and became the main keynote in 1950s. Three, the socialist property and capital movement. In the discussion of accounting objects in 1953, the accounting circles put forward many new ideas represented by the theory of capital movement, which meant that we began to get rid of the constraints of the accounting theory of the former Soviet Union. Four, accounting was a tool of management, which was dominant in China for a long time, and five was the reflection and supervision.

From the end of 1950s to the beginning of 60s, two main ideas about accounting function were formed in our accounting circle, that is, reflection or reflection and supervision.

In the construction of accounting system, two accountants were formed.

In 1952, the Ministry of Finance issued the accounting system of "unified accounting of state-owned enterprises" and "unified accounting statements of state enterprises". The accounting system of 6 other industries has been formulated in accordance with industry, pportation, railways, posts and telecommunications, trade and agriculture and forestry, and has initially formed the rudiment of China's unified enterprise accounting system. Two, the industry accounting system.

In the period of "15", a series of standard accounting systems and some simple accounting systems issued by our country according to the scale of enterprises and the nature of ownership system formed a set of accounting system adapting to different industries, different ownership and different scale enterprises at that time.

1958 -1977: the great leap forward of accounting system 1958 began.

　　一是會計制度放權;二是簡化會計制度;三是無賬會計，1958年的“徹底放權，大力簡化”會計制度改革，導致了我國殘缺的會計報表和高度簡化的會計指標，無法對企業財務進行控制，有的企業甚至出現“無賬會計”現象，會計制度基本被廢止;四是整頓會計制度，1959年，財政部開始對企業會計制度進行整頓，發布了《關于國營企業會計核算工作的若干規定》和示范性的企業會計制度;五是恢復會計制度，1961年大躍進結束后，財政部開始著手重新規范企業會計制度，使我國的企業會計制度體系得到了部分恢復;六是重建會計制度，1965年，財政部出臺了《企業會計工作改革綱要(試行草案)》，提出了12個方面的改革措施，并印發了4個草案，再次形成了分行業、分經營規模的企業會計制度體系基本框架。

In addition, the business sector introduced an increase or decrease bookkeeping policy in 1964, and gradually became dominant in commerce, industry and other sectors.

The serious impact of the Cultural Revolution on accounting work in 1966 led to the stagnation and regression of accounting work. During this period, two accounting buzzwords were abolished, accounting system and accounting system were integrated.

1978 -1988: reconstruction of accounting system. After the third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee 1978, 8 accounting buzzwords reflect the new situation of comprehensive reform and development of accounting in China.

There are two catchwords in the construction of accounting regulations.

First, the restoration of the accounting system. In January 1979, the Ministry of Finance restored the functions of the accounting system department, and effectively promoted the comprehensive recovery and reconstruction of the accounting system. Two, the accounting law and the "People's Republic of China accounting law" promulgated in January 1985 marked China's accounting work on the road of legalization.

In accounting basic theory research, 5 Accounting buzzwords have been formed.

The first is borrowing and accounting, class and technology.

A new round of discussions on accounting methods in 1978 restored the reputation of the credit bookkeeping act.

As for the scientific attribute of accounting, there are 3 viewpoints: class, duality and class nature in the discussion. Finally, the duality of accounting becomes a more consistent view.

The two is the theory of management activity and information system. It is the two mainstream understanding of accounting essence in China's accounting circles in 1980s.

The three is to reflect, supervise and participate in decision-making.

Based on the understanding of the two functions of accounting and supervision, two kinds of thoughts, such as accounting two functions, three functions, four functions and six functions, have been formed.

The four is capital movement.

After entering the 1980s, the view that the socialist accounting object is capital movement has been basically agreed by the academic circles.

The five is the six elements of accounting.

In the late 1980s, after absorbing the western accounting elements theory, Chinese scholars gradually replaced the concept of "accounting object" with the concept of "accounting elements", and began to summarize the accounting elements of our country as assets, liabilities, owner's equity, income, cost (cost) and profit.

Chinese accounting characteristics are also the most important accounting buzzwords in this period, and to a certain extent, guided the study of China's accounting theory in 1990s.

1989 -1991: accounting international integration, Ministry of Finance set up the accounting standards research group in 1988, opened the prelude to the research and formulation of enterprise accounting standards under the official leadership of China, and began the international integration of accounting theory research methods and research contents in China.

In the meantime, two accounting buzzwords were formed.

First, accounting standards.

In 1987, the Chinese Accounting Society established the basic accounting theory and accounting standards research group. At the first symposium in 1989, we put forward our proposal to establish accounting standards with Chinese characteristics.

Later, the accounting profession made extensive discussions and in-depth studies on the level of accounting standards, the relationships among different levels and the specific contents.

The two is the introduction of western accounting theory.

In 1992 -2001: the mode of market economy accounting, after the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in October 1992, China established a new accounting mode suited to the market economy, successfully realized the pition from the unified accounting system to the accounting standards, and formed 12 accounting buzzwords.

There are 6 Accounting buzzwords in the construction of accounting regulations.

First, two systems.

In 1992, the Ministry of Finance issued the "enterprise accounting standards", "enterprise financial general rules" and 13 industry accounting system and 10 industry financial system.

The two is to amend the accounting law.

In 1993 and 1999, the two revision of the accounting law has played an important role in standardizing the accounting work of various units.

The three is budgetary accounting system.

In 1997, the Ministry of Finance issued 4 accounting systems in succession, and initially established the basic framework of the budget accounting system to adapt to the socialist market economy.

Four, the State Council formulated and issued the enterprise financial reporting regulations in 2000.

It lays an administrative and business foundation for standardizing the financial accounting report, improving the quality of accounting information, maintaining the socialist market economic order, and launching the enterprise accounting system.

Five, the Ministry of Finance issued the enterprise accounting system in 2000.

In accounting theory research, 3 accounting buzzwords have been formed: capital market accounting, empirical accounting research and accounting information quality.

In this period, there are 3 more important accounting buzzwords.

First, do not do false accounts and accounting integrity.

The two is the independent auditing standards.

Since 1995, the Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants has formulated and promulgated 6 batch of 48 independent auditing standards projects, and initially established an independent auditing standard system that conforms to international practice and has Chinese characteristics.

The three is the internal accounting control standard.

In June 2000, the Ministry of Finance issued the "internal accounting control standards - basic norms (Trial Implementation)" and "internal accounting control standards - monetary funds (Trial Implementation)" and other internal accounting control pilot norms.

From 2002 to 2005: accounting international convergence. In December 2001, China formally became a member of the WTO. China's accounting development entered a new stage of adapting to the requirements of marketization and internationalization, and 6 Accounting buzzwords were formed.

There are 3 catchwords in the international convergence of norms.

First, international convergence of accounting standards.

The Ministry of Finance started the construction of the new accounting standards system in early 2005, and at the end of the year established a new framework of enterprise accounting standards system which is in line with the international financial reporting standards.

The two is international convergence of auditing standards.

In 2006, the Ministry of Finance issued 48 practice guidelines for Chinese certified public accountants, and established a set of Chinese certified public accountants practice standards system that converged with international auditing standards.

The three is the internal control standard system.

In accounting theory research, financial accounting conceptual framework and new field accounting are two important accounting buzzwords.

Among them, the new domain accounting includes "environmental accounting", "human resources accounting", "network accounting", "social responsibility accounting", "resource accounting" and "intangible assets accounting".

In addition, the financial enterprise accounting system, the accounting system of small enterprises, the accounting system of non-profit organizations and the accounting system of village collective economic organization, which have been promulgated from 2001 to 2004, have formed the accounting standard system with Chinese characteristics parallel to accounting standards and accounting systems.

Since 2006: with the full implementation of the new accounting standards, the new accounting standards for enterprises have become the key words in the future development of accounting in China.

Around the new accounting standards system issued by the Ministry of Finance in February 2006, two accounting buzzwords were formed.

The first is the convergence of accounting standards and continuous convergence.

In September 2009, the Ministry of Finance issued the "road map of continuous convergence of Chinese accounting standards for enterprises and international financial reporting standards" (Draft), which has brought the convergence of Chinese accounting standards and IFRS to a new level.

The two is fair value.

The 2008 global financial crisis, which originated from the US subprime mortgage crisis, has aroused people's doubts about the measurement attributes of fair value in accounting standards, making fair value quickly become the focus of attention at home and abroad.

There are 3 important accounting buzzwords in the future development of accounting in China.

One is the internal control standard of enterprises.

In 2008, the Ministry of Finance issued the basic specification for internal control of enterprises. In 2009, the enterprise internal control evaluation (Draft) and related guidelines were issued, which further promoted the study of China's internal control issues.

The two is the accounting reform of administrative institutions.

In 2003, the Ministry of Finance proposed to promote the reform of government accounting, establish a standardized and unified system of government accounting standards, system and comprehensive financial reporting system of the government.

In 2009, the Ministry of Finance issued the hospital accounting system (Draft) and the accounting system for Higher Education (Draft).

These indicate that China's new round of comprehensive reform of the accounting system of administrative institutions has been put into effect.

The three is accounting informationization.