40 Years Of Vigorous Development Of China'S Foreign Trade Towards High Quality And High Efficiency

In the past 40 years, China's foreign trade has been forging ahead with the wind and waves, forging the magnificent epic of the development of foreign trade in the history of new China.

In the era of trade power, the development of foreign trade is better, better and better. It creates a strong and lasting vitality.

In the 40 years of China's reform and opening up, foreign trade has always played an important role.

The reform and opening up has injected strong vitality and vitality into China's foreign trade. As an important carrier of opening up, China's foreign trade has grown from small to large, from weak to strong, and has gone through a colorful and magnificent 40 year development process, and has made remarkable achievements.

The scale of trade has reached a historic leap. China has jumped to the forefront of world trade, playing an increasingly important role in the development of global economic and trade.

Under the new historical conditions and the background of the times, China's foreign trade will enhance quality and efficiency as the development goal, focus on fostering new advantages in foreign trade competition, enhance endogenous driving force in foreign trade, and strive to achieve a leap from quantity to quality.

At present, China's foreign trade has made new progress in its pformation and upgrading, its foreign trade structure has been continuously optimized, its foreign trade development has been moving towards high quality and efficiency, and it has accelerated on the great journey of realizing the trade power.

Rapid growth and rapid development of foreign trade

In the early days of reform and opening up, China's foreign trade began to sail with the support of policy guidance and a series of reform measures.

In 1978, China's import and export scale was only 20 billion 600 million US dollars; in 1988, our country

For the first time, the scale exceeded the $100 billion mark.

In the first ten years after the reform and opening up, the total value of imports and exports amounted to US $599 billion 800 million, which is 4 times the cumulative amount of 28 years in 1950~1977, with an average annual growth rate of 17.4%.

In the past 10 years, China's export volume has increased 3.88 times, with an average annual growth rate of 17.2%. The total value of China's exports in the world has also increased from thirty-fourth in 1978 to sixteenth in 1988.

At the end of the 80s of last century, China implemented the coastal outward oriented economic development strategy, actively encouraged foreign investment, and developed the processing trade with "two out of all, big and big going out", which greatly promoted the development of China's foreign trade.

In 90s, with the further deepening of reform in the field of foreign trade and economic cooperation, a series of important supporting policies continued to inject new impetus to the development of foreign trade. China's foreign trade maintained a relatively fast development momentum and the scale of trade continued to expand.

In 1991~2000, although the growth rate of foreign trade was slowed down by the Asian financial crisis, our country still achieved an average annual growth rate of 14.9%. The average annual growth rate of imports and exports was 9.6 percentage points higher than that of the world trade.

In 1994, China's import and export scale exceeded US $200 billion for the first time, reaching US $236 billion 620 million; in 1997, the import and export scale exceeded US $300 billion; in 2000, it exceeded US $400 billion to US $474 billion 310 million.

Among them, the export scale increased from US $71 billion 910 million in 1991 to US $249 billion 210 million in 2000, with an average annual growth rate of 14.8%.

The proportion of exports in the world's total exports rose from 2.04% in 1991 to 3.92% in 2000, an increase of 1.88 percentage points, and the total export volume in the world rose from sixth to thirteenth in 1991.

Joining the World Trade Organization in 2001 is a milestone for China's opening to the outside world. It has opened a new era for China to fully participate in economic globalization and make full use of "two markets and two kinds of resources".

After China's accession to the WTO, China's foreign trade system reform is actively in line with international norms. China's huge export potential has been further released, and exports are showing a super high growth trend.

At the same time, import tariff and non-tariff barriers have been sharply reduced and further domestic.

The import scale also expanded significantly.

During the period before China's accession to the WTO and the financial crisis, China's foreign trade has gone all the way to achieve rapid, good and leaping development. It has created a rare development speed in world trade history, and the status of world trade has improved significantly.

The total volume of imports and exports increased from 509 billion 650 million US dollars in 2001 to US $2 trillion and 563 billion 250 million in 2008, with an average annual growth of 26.1%. This is the longest, fastest and fastest growing period since the reform and opening up.

Among them, exports increased from 266 billion 150 million US dollars in 2001 to US $1 trillion and 430 billion 690 million in 2008, and the export scale expanded by 4.4 times, with an average annual growth of 27.3%.

Imports increased from 243 billion 550 million US dollars in 2001 to US $1 trillion and 132 billion 560 million, an increase of 3.7 times, with an average annual growth rate of 24.8%.

The total trade volume in China has jumped from sixth in 2001 to third in 2008, with exports ranking second.

The proportion of total imports and exports to Global trade increased from 4.3% in 2001 to 12.4% in 2008.

After the financial crisis, China's foreign trade is facing a complex and changeable international and domestic environment. In the past, the growth mode of low cost elements such as "labor, environment and resources" was not sustainable, supporting the conditions of the rapid growth in the past weakened or disappeared. Under the common influence of weak international market demand, the growth rate of foreign trade and imports fell accordingly, and China's foreign trade entered a new normal and entered a turning point of speed change and structural adjustment.

But in recent years, the recovery of the world economy has been strong, the domestic economy has been improving steadily, and the internal and external conditions supporting the development of foreign trade have been gradually improved. Under the strength of a series of strong and steady growth policies, China's foreign trade has gone through a storm in the post crisis era.

In 2009, China's exports amounted to US $1 trillion and 201 billion 610 million and ranked among the world's largest exporters.

In 2013, China's total import and export volume reached US $4 trillion and 158 billion 990 million. For the first time, it surpassed the United States as the world's largest commodity trading country for the first time. This is an important milestone in the development of China's open economy and is a major achievement of China's adheres to reform and opening up and participation in economic globalization.

In 2017, China's total import and export volume reached 41045 billion US dollars, and the world trade organization's Global trade data and Outlook report released in 2017 indicated that China's goods trade ranked first in the world, and its contribution rate to global import and export trade reached 10.2% and 12.8% respectively, ranking second and No. 1 in the world respectively.

Throughout the 40 years of reform and opening up, the scale of China's foreign trade imports and exports has increased by nearly 200 times, with an average annual growth rate of 14.5%.

As the world's largest cargo trading country, China has become an important driving force to boost the global trade wheel.

Optimize and upgrade the quality of foreign trade to a new level

During the 40 years of reform and opening up, China's foreign trade has not only achieved a leap from small to large in scale, but also changed greatly in its trade structure.

Commodity structure is constantly optimized.

China's export commodities are mainly from primary products to manufactured goods, mainly from labor-intensive products such as light textile and so on, mainly to capital intensive products such as mobile phones, integrated circuits and high-tech products. More products with independent intellectual property rights, high technology content, high added value and green and low carbon products go abroad to the world.

In 1978~2017, the proportion of primary products dropped from 53% to 5.2%, and the proportion of manufactured goods increased from 47% to 94.8%.

In 1992~2017, the export of mechanical and electrical products increased from 23% to 58.4% in China.

As of 2012, China has surpassed Germany and the United States to become the world's largest trading nation of mechanical and electrical products.

In 1996~2017, the proportion of exports of high-tech products increased from 17.5% to 29.5%.

Imports, advanced technology, equipment and key components, services for the development of the national economy and imports of energy and resources products have been growing.

In order to meet the needs of people in the new era, consumer goods have become the new force of imports at the moment.

The mode of foreign trade is continuously optimized.

In 1996, the proportion of processing trade exports exceeded 50% for the first time, occupying half of China's foreign trade exports.

In recent years, China has taken many measures to actively adjust the mode of trade, the proportion of general trade has been increasing, the proportion of processing trade has gradually decreased, and the mode of trade has been continuously optimized.

In 1998~2017, the proportion of import and export of processing trade dropped from 53.4% to 29%, and the proportion of exports decreased from 56.9% to 33.5%.

Over the same period, the proportion of general trade increased from 36.4% to 56.3%.

In addition, new modes of foreign trade have springing up, and cross-border e-commerce and service trade have been developing rapidly, driving the upgrading of foreign trade.

The layout is constantly optimized.

In 1980s, China's trading partner countries and regions mainly have Hong Kong and Macao regions, Western European countries, North Africa, Japan and Southeast Asian countries.

In the early 90s, China put forward the strategy of market diversification, and the international market space of foreign trade expanded constantly.

Up to now, China has established trade relations with almost all the countries and regions in the world.

The European Union, the United States and ASEAN are China's top three trading partners.

In recent years, the United States, Europe and Japan have been consolidated and cultivated.

At the same time, China has increased its interest in Latin America and Africa.

And actively promote trade with the related countries of the "one belt and one way" trade, expand the network of trading partners and optimize the layout of the international market.

The main body of foreign trade is constantly optimized.

With the relaxation of the foreign trade management access system, the main body of foreign trade business has formed a diversified pattern of state-owned enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises and private enterprises.

In recent years, China has introduced a series of encouraging policies to support technological innovation, institutional innovation and management innovation, and support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.

To enhance the vitality of foreign trade development.

The development potential of private enterprises has been fully released, the scale of import and export has expanded rapidly, and the proportion of exports has increased significantly.

In 2015~2017, private enterprises accounted for the first place in the export volume and became the main force to stimulate China's exports.

Domestic regional layout is constantly optimized.

The eastern region has benefited from geographical location, resource endowment and industrial foundation. As the frontier of reform and opening up, the eastern region has been given priority to develop into the main body of China's foreign trade.

With the pformation of the comparative advantage of Eastern factor resources, in recent years, China has put forward the policy of supporting the central and western regions to undertake the pfer of export-oriented industries, and thoroughly explored the potential of foreign trade development in the central and western regions, and promoted the opening up of the whole country and the coordinated development of foreign trade.

The effectiveness of policy landing is remarkable, in 2017.

The growth rate of foreign trade in three provinces and Northeast China is higher than that in the whole country.