Several Problems In Accounting Practice Of Enterprises

Compared with the colorful accounting practice, accounting system and accounting standards always seem to be abstract and principles. Moreover, accounting standards lag behind accounting practice, which is an eternal contradiction in the accounting field. This contradiction drives the development of accounting science, and at the same time, this contradiction poses a challenge to accounting affairs.

In accounting practice, the accounting system of new economic pactions that appear along with economic development is generally not enough to stipulate. For some traditional economic pactions, accounting standards can not be exhaustive. This requires accountants to make professional judgments according to accounting standards.

The following are some problems encountered in the work, talk about their own point of view, in order to consult colleagues.

The preparation period of the cash flow statement is the preparatory stage for the company to carry out its business activities. At this stage, the company's production and operation activities are not normally carried out, mainly for investment activities and fund-raising activities.

In normal production and operation period, a company must compile its balance sheet, profit statement, profit distribution table and cash flow statement according to the current accounting system.

Due to the inherent relationship between double entry bookkeeping and economic activities, there is an inherent relationship between balance sheet, profit statement and cash flow statement.

Enterprises in the preparatory stage do not have normal production and operation activities, and do not have to prepare income statements. However, in order to reflect the company's financial status and cash flow during the preparation period, enterprises need to prepare balance sheets and cash flow statements.

Due to the particularity of cash flow in the preparatory period and the lack of net profit basis for the compilation of cash flow in operation activities, the compilation of cash flow statement has its particularity.

First of all, we analyze the compilation of the main part of the cash flow statement.

When preparing the cash flow table, how to divide the cash flow caused by the expenses incurred during the preparatory period is a special feature of preparing the cash flow statement.

According to the statement of cash flow, investment activities refer to the purchase and construction of long-term assets and the investment and disposal activities that are not included in the cash equivalents.

Financing activities refer to activities that lead to changes in the scale and composition of capital and liabilities.

Business activities are all pactions and matters other than investment activities and fund-raising activities.

The start-up cost of enterprises during the preparatory period mainly includes registration fees and assessment fees, which are related to the company's establishment behavior, but not directly related to the business income.

The enterprise accounting system stipulates that the expenses that the enterprises will take during the preparatory period, including personnel salaries, office expenses, training fees, travel expenses, printing fees, registration fees and borrowing costs that are not included in the value of fixed assets, should be collected in the "long term prepaid expenses" and will be included in the profits and losses once a month in the beginning of production and operation.

It can be seen that the start-up cost is essentially a cost - based asset set up in accordance with the requirements of accrual basis. It is a necessary preparation for enterprises to carry out business activities and a necessary input for the establishment of enterprises.

In nature, the cash outflow caused by the start-up cost is appropriate as the cash outflow of investment activities. As the cash outflow does not form a real asset, it should not be listed in the cash flow statement in terms of "fixed assets, intangible assets and other long-term assets paid cash", "cash paid for equity investment", "cash paid by creditor's investment" and other columns, but should be shown in the "other cash related columns related to investment activities".

Because of the different scales, different enterprises have different starting periods, shorter ones and months.

In practice, it is argued that the start-up cost that will happen and be sold within one year is shown in the cash flow of business activities, and the start-up cost in the year is shown in the cash flow of investment activities. This practice does not consider the nature of the start-up cost, but also leads to a reduction in the comparability of the accounting statements and the quality of accounting information.

Second, according to the requirements of the accounting standards for enterprises - cash flow statement, enterprises should not only adopt direct method to compile cash flow of business activities, but also compile cash flow of business activities by indirect method in the supplementary information, and adjust net profit to cash flow of business activities. Because the preparatory enterprises do not compile profit tables and do not compile the net profit basis of operating activities cash flow indirectly, the preparatory enterprises need not and can not compile cash flow of operating activities indirectly, that is, there is no need to compile supplementary information that regulates net profit into cash flow of business activities.

二、收購或出售子公司的現金流量表的編制問題 財政部在《關于執行〈企業會計制度〉和相關會計準則有關問題解答（二）》（以下簡稱“解答”）中，對企業在報告期內出售、購買子公司，期末如何編制合并現金流量表做出了規定，該解答規定母公司報告期內因出售、購買子公司而產生的現金流量作為投資活動的現金流量予以反映，即要求企業在報告期內出售、購買子公司，期末在編制合并現金流量表時，應將被出售的子公司自報告期期初至出售日止的現金流量的信息納入合并現金流量表，并將出售子公司所收到的現金，在有關投資活動類的“收回投資所收到的現金”項目下單列“出售子公司所收到的現金”項目反映；將被購買的子公司自購買日起至報告期末止的現金流量的信息納入合并現金流量表，并將購買子公司所支付的現金，在有關投資活動

Under the item "cash paid by investment", the item "cash paid by the subsidiary" is reflected.

However, the above provisions do not specify how the cash and cash equivalents of the subsidiary's cash and cash equivalents on the balance sheet of the sale and purchase date are shown on the consolidated cash flow statement and how to ensure the net increase of cash and cash equivalents in the consolidated cash flow statement compiled by the direct method, and the balance of cash and cash equivalent net increase calculated in the supplementary information based on the difference between cash and cash equivalents at the end and the beginning of the year.

In my opinion, since the cash flow caused by the sale and purchase of subsidiaries is classified as the cash flow of investment activities during the reporting period, the cash and cash equivalents on the balance sheet of the company's sale and purchase should be listed on the consolidated cash flow statement as the cash flow of investment activities.

The sale of subsidiaries during the reporting period will lead to a reduction in the end of the merger and the end of the sale of the subsidiary will no longer be included in the consolidated accounting.

The cash and cash equivalents at the end of a subsidiary are no longer included in the consolidated balance sheet at the end of the term, so the cash and cash equivalents of the subsidiary on sale days should be reflected as the cash outflow of the investment activities in the "cash related to other investment activities". When the subsidiary is purchased, the cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the balance sheet period are not included in the initial period of the consolidated balance sheet, and the cash and cash equivalents at the end of the purchased subsidiary are included in the consolidated balance sheet.

The cash and cash equivalents of the subsidiary purchased on the purchase date should be reflected in the cash inflow of investment activities in the "cash received from other investment activities".

This process can not only guarantee the balance of cash and cash equivalent net increase in the consolidated cash flow statement compiled under the direct law, but also balance the cash and cash equivalent net increase calculated in the supplementary data based on the difference between cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year and the beginning of the period, and make the classification of the cash flow of the enterprises in the reporting period logically consistent.

In practice, there is a view that in dealing with the sale and purchase of subsidiaries by a subsidiary, when the cash and cash equivalents on the balance sheet are sold or purchased, the method of initial adjustment should be adopted in order to achieve the balance of cash and cash equivalents in the consolidated cash flow scale under direct law and the cash and cash equivalent net increase calculated in the supplementary data based on the difference between cash and cash equivalents at the end and the beginning of the year.

As the initial period of adjustment is not consistent with the actual situation of the enterprise, it is essentially a simulation to ensure the balance of accounting, which does not conform to the objectivity of accounting information.

Three, the cost accounting of real estate enterprises, the correct determination of the cost accounting objects of real estate enterprises is the basis for the fair expression of the real estate business results.

Generally speaking, the cost accounting object of a real estate enterprise should be determined according to the location, scale, cycle, function design, structural type, decoration grade, and higher level of the project, and a cost accounting object can only calculate a unit cost, and the cost is sold at the selling cost.

For the monomer development projects, generally speaking, the individual development projects which are budgeted independently or budgeted by construction drawings are the object of cost accounting.

But how to determine the cost accounting objects for large scale projects with long construction period, especially for different functional areas of the same project?

In practice, there is a practice that the whole project is used as the object of cost accounting, and the distribution of the project will be followed by a certain standard after the completion of the project.

For example, the same project has offices, apartments, podium and other functions.

Different functions lead to different design costs. In this case, if the cost of each functional area is not accounted for alone, the overall cost accounting of the project will lead to the average cost of the cost in each functional area, but the price of each functional area and the price of the rent are very different, which leads to the non matching of the cost and income, and does not conform to the accounting principle.

In practice, another way is to collect the cost of each functional area as the object of cost accounting first, and then estimate a proportion according to the situation of each functional area to divide the cost of different functional areas. That is to calculate two or more unit costs from a cost accounting object, which on the one hand will lead to the increase of accounting workload. On the other hand, because the division ratio is determined afterwards, it is easy to cause the enterprise to adjust artificially to the unit cost of each functional area, which is not conducive to ensuring the reliability of accounting information.

A more reasonable approach is to determine the cost accounting object according to different functional areas, and calculate a unit cost from a cost accounting object.

This can not only satisfy the reliability requirements of accounting information, but also ensure the matching of cost and income.

Four, the accounting of land value added tax of real estate enterprises. Land value added tax is the tax payable on the pfer of the right to the use of state-owned land, the buildings and their attachments on the ground and the income obtained by the units and individuals according to the increment of land value and the excess progressive tax rate. According to the detailed rules for the implementation of the Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China land value added tax, the land value-added tax is calculated on the basis of the most basic accounting items or accounting objects of the taxpayer's real estate cost accounting.

The taxpayer shall, within seven days after the signing of the pfer of the real estate contract, pay tax returns to the competent tax authorities at the place where the real estate is located, and submit to the tax authorities the certificates of housing and building property rights, the certificate of land use rights, the land pfer, the real estate sales contract, the real estate appraisal report and other information related to the pfer of real estate.

Taxpayers who are unable to declare after every pfer due to the frequent pfer of real estate, can make tax declaration regularly after the tax authorities have examined and approved, and the specific time limit shall be determined by the tax authorities according to the circumstances.

In real accounting, some real estate enterprises simply apply the notice issued by the Ministry of Finance on the regulations on the accounting treatment of land value-added tax issued by enterprises. When selling part of the real estate of a project, they estimate the land value added tax payable according to certain accounting data and make a record in the "payable tax" account.

When all the sales of the project are completed or the original estimate is changed, it may be necessary to adjust the previously recorded "payable tax" account, for example, if it is necessary to rush back to the original book record of the land value added tax payable.

On the one hand, on the one hand, enterprises should adjust their tax accounts without the permission of the relevant external legal documents, which is not in line with the general practice. On the other hand, it is not conducive to the tax collection and management of the tax authorities.

The land value-added tax is calculated on the basis of the most basic accounting items or accounting objects of the taxpayers' real estate cost accounting.

Therefore, if the basic accounting items or accounting objects of the real estate cost have not been completed, the relevant land value increment tax should be recorded in the prepaid expense account for the purpose of correctly accounting the results of each period of operation. When the most basic accounting items or sales objects are sold out to meet the requirements of the land value-added tax, the relevant detailed items of the prepaid expense account should be cleaned up, and the original raised cost will be pferred to the tax payable subject, and the land value added tax shall be declared and paid according to the amount of accounts payable in the detailed account of the tax account.