Summary Of Modern Sports Shoes Technology Innovation Research

With society Economics And the development of science and technology has been expanding. Sports not only flourish in the arena, but also infiltrate into the amateur leisure life of the public. The role of modern science and technology in sports equipment can promote more effective sports and better sports level. Therefore, as the most basic sports equipment, sports shoes have penetrated into every sport.

Types and biomechanical analysis of sports shockproof shoes

1. mechanical properties of materials

The mechanical properties of materials include elasticity, quality and strength. Especially Sole The elasticity of the forefoot part and the shockproof material will have a great impact on running and jumping activities. When pedaling the ground, the material will be compressed by the impact load. When landing, the material is buffered again and compressed again. Its mechanical meaning has two aspects: (1) because the sole is the intermediate between the ground and the human body, the impact force of the ground will be effectively cushioned to the human body due to the elasticity of the sole. It can make the lower limb muscle group retreat work reduce appropriately, so as to facilitate the muscle restraint of the back stage. (2) from the perspective of energy conversion, because of elasticity, partial elastic potential energy can be stored to achieve the two energy utilization and increase the back pedal force.

The quality of shoes also affects athletic ability. Shoes are the appendages of the human body. The larger the quality of shoes is, the greater the energy consumption in the process of exercise. Under the premise of ensuring the safety of foot movement, it is very effective to reduce the weight of shoes properly. The company's 100 million women Jones's special running shoes should prove this.

2. integrability of shoe foot system

The integrability of the shoe foot system mainly refers to the matching between the internal structure and shape of the shoe and the structure and shape of the human foot. In particular, the deformation characteristics of the foot and the way of pedaling and landing are different in sports, so that the force characteristics of different parts of the shoes have significant sports characteristics and human personality characteristics. In addition, in order to make the movement more powerful, the foot pressure is smaller when landing and cushioning. The design of the shock proof system is more and more complex, but it will increase the height of the sole and increase the stability of the foot and foot, so that the foot will be injured by sports. Finally, in sports, the guessing of shoes also affects the comfort of athletes, because when the movement of the feet release a lot of heat and sweat, when the general movement, foot produces 15 milliliters of sweat per hour, when vigorous exercise, foot produces about 30 milliliters of sweat per hour. If the air permeability of shoe materials is poor, heat and sweat will not disperse in time and cause blisters, feet moss and other diseases. If the shoe foot system is not in harmony with any of the above mentioned points, it will affect the comfort of the sports shoes, and adversely affect the structure of the movement, thereby affecting the performance. In addition, it is energy regression. When the foot hits the ground, the shoe absorbs energy through compression deformation. When the person steps away from the floor, the shoe can return the energy to wear. shoes People, this is called "energy return". This energy reinstatement can strengthen the movement, make running faster, jump higher, and save more manpower. According to this theory, soles are required to have dual characteristics -- shock absorption and springback.

3. types and mechanical analysis of sports shockproof shoes

(1) the biggest sport in the United States, Nike (NIKE).

The AIRMAX air cushion shockproof system is a high pressure way to pour a special gas into a tough synthetic rubber layer. The air in the air cushion will not be lost by external impact force. The air chamber with different pressure in the air cushion will provide different MAXAIR for different motion needs. The ZOOMAIR air cushion shockproof system is a nylon solid fabric with good elasticity function in the gas chamber without any seams and smooth surface. It can make the feet more close to the ground, so as to reduce the center of gravity and increase stability. The ultra thin appearance reduces the use of midsole material, and uses PHYLON as the middle sole, lighter than the PU middle sole. No more seams on the air cushion surface, 50% more capacity than others, reducing the space for greater shock absorption. The TUBULARAIR air cushion shockproof system is designed with a eight foot Octopus like tubular gas chamber to make the air chambers circulate each other, so that the force acting on the foot is smoother and the stability of landing is increased. SHOX shockproof is installed in the heel of a number of COLUMNS (back column), the special resilient foam material used in the back column is exactly the same as the suspension system of Formula One racing car, and the light weight and absorption of the impact from the ground, compressed rapidly at the beginning of the compression to ease the foot movement, and then quickly revert to the original height of the process, then release the power, protect the joints of the legs, and at the same time reduce the risk of brain concussion.

(2) Reebok, the earliest sports shoe manufacturer in the United States (REEEBOK).

The honeycomb air cushion shockproof system is made up of several small air sacs like small beehives, each of which is an independent gas chamber. The whole air cushion is like a honeycomb. Each chamber can withstand different partial pressure of the foot when moving, thus dispersing the pressure on the foot and getting buffer. The DMX air cushion shockproof system is that the front foot of sports shoes has an air chamber. The hind feet are equipped with an outdoor atmosphere, plus the heel and side air cushion, which can prevent foot rollover. The buffer air control valve makes the air flow more stable and protects the arch muscles. In addition, in order to avoid sprain ankles, relieve the heel reaction force, avoid the compression of the spine and knees, the heel is designed with arc inclined feet, so that the heel and foot first touch the ground, and then borrow the TUP supporting sheet to improve the stability.

(3) German sporting goods veteran Adidas (ADIDAS)

The torque system is based on the theory of "correcting running skew" proposed by the company in 1980s. According to the theory, the front sole and heel of the sole are divided into two parts by the torsion groove, and the disconnected part is called the torsion groove or torsion bar. Due to the existence of torsional groove, the foot can generate torsion according to the need of running posture and twist naturally, and under the action of torsion, the torsion angle can be effectively controlled and the amplitude of torsion is controlled within a certain range. When running away from the ground, the torsion bar is bent due to the swing of the foot. It produces lever force and controls the angle of torsion. It can increase the energy of running to a certain extent and compensate for the harm caused by the twisting of the leg. When the torque is generated, if the sole is not enough to prevent the ankle's "outward" or "introversion" caused by torsion, it will inevitably cause the foot to bend, so that the protection of the feet is lost, and the energy can not effectively return to the leg, resulting in the increase of energy consumption and the exertion of the movement level.

(4) Germany Sports Supplies business Puma (PUMA). It is unique in the production of football shoes. In 1954, anti slip shoes and ankle shoes were born. In 1960, it first created vulcanized glued uppers and soles. In 70s, PUMA launched PU multi-functional nail soles and dismantling anti-skid tablets to make football shoes more elastic, durable and lightweight; in 80s, the first choice of multi functional football shoes with convertible nails, its shock absorbing EVA was widely used as the industry standard; in 90s, PUMA added KELVAR material to the upper part, and adopted metal anti-skid pieces, and added friction coefficient on the toe and wear shoes to increase the durability of football shoes.

(5) Fei Le, Italy

FILA owns 3A patent (3ACTION system), which meets the needs of direct and lateral movement. Toe 3ACTION carefully protect toe while providing proper softness. The 3ACTION of the heel position can protect the heel from being hit on the ground. The independent 3ACTION of the heel is able to tolerate the concussion caused by different gait, prevent foot extroversion and reduce sprain. The transparent closed air bag absorbs low frequency impact, innovating shape to absorb high frequency impact effectively. Airbag + core provides durable shock absorption, super stable and effective energy return. In other respects, FILA also has a F1 racing style linear outer shoe type to reduce air resistance. Compression rubber (CMR) middle sole and foot molding compound to enhance stability.

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(6) MIZUNO, Japan (MIZUNO)

MIZUNO adopts innovative wave shockproof technology, that is, the front foot and heel of the shoe are made of a wave type made of a compressing rubber (CMR), and the hollow shoe soles and soles are glued with the sole soles, thereby making full use of the flexibility of the compression rubber to effectively buffer the impact on the feet when landing in motion.

(7) the United States CONVERSE ( CONVERSE)

CONVERSE adopts REACT decompression shock absorber system, which can effectively disperse impact force. Only the middle bottom oil bag (content is glue solid) can withstand 1800 pounds of vertical impact force. In addition, CONVERSE also invented helium air cushion filled with rare gas helium. Helium is 7 times lighter than air (the air mass is 7 times that of helium), so the whole shockproof system reduces the weight load of the shoe itself in order to improve its portability.

(8) other brands.

Other sports companies such as UMBRO, UMBRO, LOTTO, Prince (PRINCE), Victor (VICTOR) and (LINING) have their own research and contributions in their respective fields, such as soccer, tennis, badminton and gymnastics, but they are summarized above.

(9) apart from "MIZUNO" and "CONVERSE", all kinds of shockproof technologies adopt air cushion technology to prevent earthquakes, like the airbags of the saloon cars, to achieve different degrees, forms and requirements of step impact force mitigation, energy regress and foot protection functions. Many of them also use the technology of "shoes in shoes", that is, the inner shoes are made of soft, comfortable and breathable fabrics and equipped with shockproof bodies. The outer shoes are made up of TPU frame and nylon net cloth which provide protection and wear resistance. As all kinds of air cushioned shoes protect the feet, they will inevitably raise the height of the sole from the ground, so that the control ability of the free movement is relatively reduced, and the stability of the feet is reduced to varying degrees. The technology of "shoes in shoes" reduces the distance from the floor to the ground shoes by 25%, which helps the feet to move closer to the ground and to change the direction of movement without sprain the ankle. The "MIZUNO" wave shockproof and "CONVERSE" oil bag shockproof design avoids the weakness that the airbag sneakers are easily broken by sharp objects. These two designs meet the shock protection effect of sports under different sports venues.

Two. Anatomical analysis of foot function and structural analysis of foot and foot shockproof system

1. the ankle joint (except the calf joint) can be flexion and plantar flexion on the coronal axis. When the plantar flexion occurs, the posterior part of the talus is wider into the broad joint capsule. Therefore, it can be slightly lateral (collecting and spreading) in the vertical direction, and the angle of motion is 20 degrees from the middle. The interphalangeal joints of the tarsal joints are mostly microjoints, including talus and talus, talus joint and heel joint. In the first two joints, the hallux valgus and hallux valgus can be turned to 35 degrees. In sports, varus is usually accompanied by plantar flexion. Eversion is usually accompanied by dorsiflexion. Therefore, when the ankle joint is turned over, the angle between the foot plane and the ground is 35 degrees. The angle between the foot plane and the ground is 15 degrees when the ankle joint is valgus. Therefore, the design of the shockproof system for sports shoes must follow the physiological and anatomical characteristics. When the foot is varus, the shockproof body is subjected to pressure compression and cushioning, and the impact on the inside and outside of the shoe is different. Therefore, the deformation degree of the shockproof body is quite different. The deformation of the insole is subjected to different pressures (the inner side is high, the outer side is low) and the angle between the inclined surface and the ground should not be greater than 35 degrees. Otherwise, the ankle joint will damage the ligament due to its own shortcomings in the movement. From the functional anatomy, the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle is weaker than the medial side, and the varus muscles of the foot are more hypertrophy than the eversion muscles. Therefore, when the ankle and ankle are strenuous exercise, the ankle joint inversion is easy to cause the lateral collateral ligament injury. Similarly, when the foot is valgus, the angle between the plane and the ground formed by the deformation of the inner sole of the shoe (the inner side is low and the lateral height is high) should not be greater than 15 degrees, so as to prevent medial collateral ligament injury.

The activity range of the 2. metatarsophalangeal joint is in the upper and lower 45 degrees of the horizontal foot. Therefore, the front end of the sports shoes should be noted that the bending degree should not be greater than 45 degrees at the metatarsophalangeal joint. Otherwise, the metatarsophalangeal joints will probably be sprained in some accidental injuries during sports.

3. the shoe design of the foot arch should conform to the biomechanical principle. The design of the upper part of the foot position is conducive to maintaining the stability of the heel movement, preventing the pain and plantar fasciitis of the middle part of the tarsus and heel due to the formation of local load-bearing points. Table 1 is the comparison of the mean pressure and percentage of body weight of 10 subjects in two different kinds of foot shoes with arch pad and arch shoe.

The average pressure on the front foot of the human body is 56.12% below the arch pad's protrusion state, and the body weight percentage is reduced by 13.1%. The average pressure on the foot arch of the human body is 226.86%, which increases by 126.86%, and the percentage of body weight is increased by 30.3%. The average pressure on the hind foot of the human body is 66.22%, which reduces the 33.78% of the arch pad, and the weight percentage of the shoe is reduced by 17.2%. The average pressure of the human foot arch is reduced by 13.1%. Therefore, the design of the arch pad is conducive to dispersing the pressure on the forefoot and hind foot and transferring part of the pressure to the arch of the foot. It can reduce the weight of the front and rear feet, enhance the supporting force of the longitudinal arch, relieve the tension of the plantar fascia, and is a biomechanical design for preventing and treating the sequela of the heel trauma.

Four Shoe tips Moderate outward warping to reduce the floor area of the tip of the shoe and protect the toes. Thickening the heel, increasing the rear warping (12mm - 15mm) on the shoe last design, forming a certain slope, making the body forward when moving. It helps to reduce heel tendon injuries. The heel of each heel is increased by 8%, and the relaxation rate of the heel tendon is 1mm.

5. when the body is standing upright, the heel is about 50% of the load, and the remaining 50% is borne by the 1-5 metatarsal. But from standing to walking, running, jumping and other sports, heel lift, the center of gravity moves forward, the load is concentrated on the second metatarsal bone and the second proximal phalangeal base. Therefore, the design of sports shoes must follow the characteristics of functional anatomy. In the design of the shockproof system, we should design the elastic or air cushioning materials with better cushioning effect according to the above characteristics, so as to cushion the pressure of these force points on the feet and protect the feet of athletes.

Three. Experimental research and analysis

1. Lu Yichen, etc., using the Chinese National Institute of sports science and German novelpedar plantar pressure distribution test system to analyze the distribution of foot pressure and pressure in three different states of human feet, namely bare feet, wearing shockproof trainers and air cushioned sports shoes.

2. analysis of experimental results

It can be clearly seen that the average pressure values of the main points of the foot, the forefoot, the metatarsal points, the toe and the second, third distal phalanges of the human body are significantly higher than those of other parts of the foot while the human body is jumping vertically. The special toe is the highest part of the foot pressure, and the average pressure distribution of each point is quite different. This is mostly related to the ground buffer force and the reaction force to the foot in the vertical jump process, which is consistent with the above mentioned points of action, and accords with the laws of sports biomechanics under natural conditions. Through the qualitative analysis of image 1.2, it can be found that the average pressure values of the metatarsal points of the forefoot and the points of the thumb and second, third distal phalanges are higher than those of other parts of the foot. The toe is the highest part of the foot's average pressure, but the average pressure of each point decreases, and the distribution difference becomes smaller. A qualitative analysis of Fig. 1.3 shows that the mean pressure distribution of the plantar is similar to that of Fig. 1.2. However, from the aspect of the mean pressure distribution area, the pressure distribution of the arch and heel area is increased, and the average pressure value tends to be more balanced.

3. experimental research summarization, through qualitative analysis and comparative study on the distribution characteristics of the plantar pressure distribution in the continuous vertical jump process of bare feet and different types of shockproof sports shoes, we can find that shockproof shoes can effectively reduce the impact of external jumping on the human foot, and reduce the injury to all parts of the foot, reduce the pressure of muscles, tendons, nerves and blood vessels, and improve athletic competitive ability. In addition, different types of shockproof sports shoes have special differences in the shockproof efficacy of human feet.

Four. Conclusion

1. the functional requirements of sports shoes. The performance requirements of sneakers should be focused on two aspects: first, to satisfy the functions of sports; two, to reduce the athletes' physical energy consumption and to protect the skeletal muscles of the feet. Including sports shoes: (1) lightweight: to ensure that the shoes are reliable, reduce the quality and reduce energy consumption. (2) breathability: shoes must have good breathability and water permeability. On the one hand, we start with materials, and on the other hand we use the structure of automatic suction and rinsing. (3) elasticity: the shoes need to have good elasticity, not only help to get good bounce, but also play the role of energy saving and energy storage. (4) shock absorption: using the damping function of the shock absorption system can reduce the impact strength of the movement on the human body. The shoe cavity and foot shape match well, and the shock absorption effect can be enhanced.

2. footwear requirements for sports shoes. (1) the sole: the sole function of the sneakers is to protect the sole of the foot, and at the same time play the role of bouncing, braking, antiskid and shock absorption. Commonly used materials are all rubber, plastic, rubber and PU. (2) insole: most of the inner bottom material has been used for EVA as the main body of the microporous body. (3) shockproof system: general materials include gas (air, helium, etc.), liquid, plastic, plastic, glue and so on. (4) support: the main materials used include natural leather, cotton canvas, nylon fabric, composite fabric and so on.

3. disadvantages of sports shoes

The soles of sports shoes and tourist shoes are flat, flexible and elastic, which can buffer young people from running and jumping. But the disadvantage of long-term wear is: because of the increase in temperature and humidity, the ligaments of the feet tend to become loose and elongated, and the soles of the feet are widened gradually, and become flat feet over time. Most of the materials used for sports shoes are rubber, plastic, sponge, nylon, canvas and so on, and their air permeability is poor. Sweat feet for a long time in this "closed" environment are easy to cause dermatosis such as foot moss, dermatitis, eczema and so on.

Sneakers or sneakers are almost no heels. They can not ensure that the center of gravity of the human body is evenly distributed on the whole sole of the foot. It can not maintain the normal position and working state of the muscle ligaments, bones and spine. After the wearing of teenagers, the uneven distribution of the foot's force due to the change of the body's center of gravity will affect the footwork, which will affect the physical development of the young people if they are in such a bad environment for a long time.