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What did the Sino US agreement sign?
Strengthening the protection of intellectual property rights is the need for China's economic innovation and development. The contents of the two sides in the field of intellectual property rights are generally balanced.
The two sides discussed in depth the protection of intellectual property rights, and reached consensus on the protection of trade secrets, the issue of intellectual property rights related to drugs, the extension of patent validity, geographical indications, the piracy and counterfeiting of e-commerce platforms, the production and export of counterfeiting products, the registration of malicious trademarks, and the enforcement and procedures of intellectual property rights.
"The content of the agreement on intellectual property is in line with the direction of China's reform and opening up, and is the need for China's economic innovation and development." Gao Lingyun, a researcher at the Institute of world economics and politics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said that for a long time, the Chinese government attached great importance to the protection of intellectual property rights. The consensus reached by the two sides is consistent with China's reform direction on strengthening intellectual property protection, is conducive to protecting innovation, and is conducive to more intellectual property rights in China, and building innovative and innovative enterprises.
For example, to strengthen the protection of general patents and trademarks. Many famous Chinese enterprises will also encounter the phenomenon of trademark being "grabbed", and some individuals will register hundreds of trademarks for malicious purposes. The establishment of a system against malicious registered trademarks is conducive to better protecting the legitimate rights and interests of all enterprises in the Chinese market.
Again, we should strengthen the protection of business secrets and crack down on infringement and counterfeiting. Gao Lingyun believes that this will help to better protect innovation and stimulate enterprise's initiative in innovation.
"From the perspective of the agreement text, the contents of the two sides in the field of intellectual property rights are generally balanced." Gao Lingyun said that in terms of intellectual property rights, the rights and obligations of both sides are reciprocal and mutually beneficial. They protect American enterprises and protect Chinese enterprises. They protect American businesses from investing in China and protect Chinese enterprises from investing in the US. The protection of intellectual property rights will also help more foreign intellectual property and foreign capital enter China.
Further improvement of the technology transfer system is entirely in line with China's reform and opening up. The two sides are equal in rights and obligations in technology transfer.
In terms of technology transfer, China and the United States have reached a series of consensus. The agreement emphasizes that both enterprises can freely enter the other side's market and operate openly and freely. Technology transfer and technology licensing are voluntarily carried out in accordance with market principles. The government does not support or guide natural persons or enterprises to carry out distorting competition so as to obtain foreign investment for technology purposes.
"In fact, China has never coercive foreign enterprises to transfer technology. Ensuring technical cooperation between enterprises based on voluntary principles and business rules is conducive to strengthening the protection of intellectual property rights, creating a fair competition environment for business, promoting the development of high quality, and meeting the direction of China's further deepening reform and opening wider to the outside world. Gao Lingyun said.
Gao Lingyun said, it is worth noting that in the chapter of technology transfer, all agreements reached between the two sides are equal to rights and obligations. For example, when the two parties purchase or establish a joint venture, they shall not force the other side to transfer the technology; they can not force the other side to transfer the technology through the administrative and administrative licensing requirements; neither side shall transfer the technology or use the other party's technology as the conditions for market access; the two sides shall maintain administrative transparency and administrative transparency, and confidentiality of sensitive technical information in the process of administrative supervision and examination; and the two sides guarantee the transparency and fairness in the enforcement of the law to the other party's business. "This bilateral balance agreement is conducive to ensuring that our enterprises are fairer in the United States." Gao Lingyun said.
Since its accession to the WTO, China has actively fulfilled its promise in technology transfer. "Further improving the technology transfer system is entirely in line with the direction of China's reform and opening up, and is conducive to promoting the transformation of government functions from R & D management to innovative services, creating a business environment that respects knowledge and values and stimulating greater impetus for the development of innovative countries." Gao Lingyun said.
Increasing Sino US agricultural cooperation is conducive to meeting China's consumption demand, promoting structural reform of the supply side of agriculture, and improving the quality of agricultural development.
According to the agreement, China and the United States will strengthen and promote cooperation in agriculture between the two countries. "Generally speaking, the agricultural agreement is equal and mutually beneficial, and the development of farmers and agriculture in China will get tangible benefits." Cheng Dawei, a professor at the national development academy and School of economics, Renmin University of China, said.
According to the agreement, China will, in accordance with its commitments to join WTO, improve the management of tariff quotas for wheat, corn and rice. Cheng said that in accordance with quota management, China will import about 20000000 tons of grain a year, accounting for 3.4% of the total annual grain consumption. Even if all the quotas are used, the impact on the domestic market will be very small. Cheng Da said.
During the economic and trade consultations, the United States issued the final rules, recognizing that the Chinese catfish regulatory system is equivalent to the United States, allowing China's cooked poultry to be exported to the United States. The agreement stipulates that the United States will allow China's produce of fragrant pear, citrus, fresh jujube and other agricultural products to be exported to the United States. The commitments made by the US side will bring more market opportunities for Chinese agricultural enterprises and farmers.
According to the agreement, China will increase imports of American dairy products, beef, soybeans, aquatic products, fruits, fodder, pet food and other agricultural products. The average import scale in the next two years will be 40 billion US dollars. In the view of Cheng Da, China and the United States have strong complementarity in agriculture and are natural agricultural partners. Expanding imports from the US is conducive to meeting the needs of our consumers, promoting structural reforms in the supply side of agriculture, and improving the quality of agricultural development.
In 2018, China's soybean consumption was 1.05 billion tons, and domestic output was only 16 million tons. The gap was very obvious. Expanding imports of us soybeans will effectively alleviate domestic shortages and meet domestic demand for dietary protein. In addition, the consumption structure of agricultural products is upgrading in China. Expanding imports is conducive to optimizing food structure, enriching the people's table, satisfying the needs of better life, saving resources, and accelerating the pace of innovation and improving production efficiency in domestic agriculture.
It is worth noting that China's import of agricultural products from the United States should be based on market principles and be decided by the market players. The price of agricultural products in the United States should be competitive and must meet the quality and safety standards of China's agricultural products. "This means that if American companies want to gain a share in the Chinese market, they must enhance their competitiveness so that Chinese enterprises and consumers can voluntarily purchase, which also avoids the possibility of some American suppliers'" sitting on the ground ". Cheng Da said.
The opening of financial services is good for both sides. The relevant commitments are consistent with the opening up of China's autonomous and orderly financial industry in recent years.
According to the agreement, China and the United States will provide fair, effective and non discriminatory market access treatment in banking, securities, insurance, electronic payment and other fields. Regarding this, Dong Yan, director of the International Trade Research Institute of the Institute of world economics and politics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, believes that the opening up of the financial industry is China's long established policy. In recent years, China has independently promoted the opening of a new round of financial industry, and has greatly relaxed the market access of foreign capital in banking, securities, insurance and other fields. To a large extent, these measures cover the contents of financial services in the agreement, and treat all financial institutions in all countries equally.
"The opening of financial services is good for both sides. The agreement is not only a commitment of China, but also a commitment of the United States, which will help China's financial enterprises better go out and do business in the United States." Dong Yan said.
Financial security is an important part of national security. If more foreign-funded enterprises can enter China after opening up of financial services, will it have an adverse impact on financial security?
"The expansion of financial services liberalization is more reflected in the business sector cooperation, and the opening of capital accounts and so on are two different things, and will not adversely affect national financial security." Dong Yan said that from the contents of the agreement and the practice of financial openness in recent years, China's financial industry is not letting go and letting go. The financial regulatory authorities will continue to improve the regulatory system, so that the level of supervision and the degree of openness will be adapted to further ensure national financial security.
Dong Yan believes that China has become the largest financial asset in the world with the largest scale of banking assets and second of premium income. Chinese financial enterprises are fully capable of competing with international financial giants and achieve high quality development in catching up with each other.
The two sides reached a consensus on equality and mutual benefit on the issue of exchange rate. The agreement is not a copy of the Plaza Accord.
In the Sino US economic and trade frictions, the issue of exchange rate was once the focus of controversy. In the agreement signed, the two sides reached a consensus on equality and mutual benefit on the issue of exchange rate, and made clear that both countries should treat the exchange rate equally, the rights and obligations should be equal, and both sides must respect each other's important principles such as monetary policy autonomy.
Dong Yan said that as the two largest economies in the world and the SDR basket currency countries, China and the United States have reached a consensus on equality and mutual benefit on exchange rate issues, which is conducive to enhancing mutual trust and consultation and resolving differences, as well as the orderly operation of the global foreign exchange market and making positive contributions to the stability of the international monetary system.
Historically, the United States has forced the yen to appreciate significantly through the plaza accord to weaken the export competitiveness of Japanese products. Some people worry that the agreement is not a copy of the Plaza Accord. Will it have a negative impact on the stability of RMB exchange rate and exports?
"The contents of the agreement are far from being replica of the Plaza Accord." Dong Yan said that the content of the exchange rate in this Agreement reflects the principle of equality and mutual benefit and respect for the autonomy of the other party's monetary policy, including no competitive devaluation and no exchange rate for competitive purposes. This fundamentally safeguards the autonomy of China's exchange rate policy and will not bring adverse consequences like the Plaza Accord.
Both sides agree that the exchange rate issue and exchange rate assessment are essentially a multilateral issue, and neither side can judge it alone. This will help to properly solve the problems of some US people labelling "exchange manipulator" labels, reduce disputes and differences between China and the US on exchange rate issues, and maintain stable operation of the foreign exchange market and financial market.
Expanding the scale of imports from the US is in line with our established policies and practical needs. It will be purchased voluntarily by Chinese enterprises and consumers according to market principles. The government will not adopt administrative instructions or financial subsidies to achieve this scale.
According to the agreement, China will expand imports of agricultural products, energy products, manufactured goods and service products from the United States. The import scale of the next two years will increase by no less than US $200 billion on the base of 2017. In this regard, Cheng believes that Sino US bilateral trade is highly complementary. The expansion of imports is conducive to optimizing the allocation of resources, adjusting the industrial structure, adapting to consumer demand and promoting the high quality development of China's economy.
Cheng said that China has never deliberately pursued the trade surplus, always pursued free trade and insisted on expanding the import trade to achieve a balanced development of foreign trade. The two years' holding of the fair and the substantial reduction of tariffs on some imported goods have fully demonstrated that expanding imports is China's established policy and consistent direction of work.
Expanding imports accords with economic laws. Compared with the United States, China still has a gap in manufacturing, service, agriculture and other fields. Expanding imports from the United States is conducive to better meeting people's growing needs for better life, improving the innovation and operational efficiency of domestic enterprises, and promoting industrial transformation and upgrading. Increasing imports from the US will help China diversify energy imports and ensure energy supply security. And the two sides will carry out procurement activities based on market prices and business considerations.
Will expanding imports affect China's industry? Cheng believes that in the short term, expanding imports may affect the market space of some Chinese enterprises. But looking at the overall situation and looking at the long term, the spillover effects of technology imports, the introduction of advanced management concepts and mechanisms, and external pressure and healthy competition will help accelerate the transformation and upgrading of China's industries.
Will the US import increase of not less than US $200 billion over the next two years be achieved? Cheng Tai believes that, first of all, China has a large market of nearly 1 billion 400 million people and 400 million middle-income groups. The basic trend of China's steady economic growth and long-term improvement has not changed, and we must have enough confidence in the steady growth of China's market demand. Secondly, no less than 200 billion US dollars will be purchased voluntarily by Chinese enterprises and consumers in accordance with market principles. "The government will not adopt administrative instructions or financial subsidies to achieve this scale." In addition, in order to achieve this scale, the United States should also create favorable conditions and ensure that appropriate measures are taken to provide adequate US goods and services for China to purchase and import. This will also push the United States to move some Chinese enterprises out of the "entity list". "If the Chinese enterprises are affected by the restriction of" entity list "and have a discount in purchasing capacity, they can not import enough products and services, so the responsibility is entirely in the US side. Cheng Da said.
Will the expansion of imports from the United States affect the interests of other trading partners? Cheng said, "China has huge market space, and always welcomes equal competition among suppliers from all over the world. As long as the products and services of all countries are good enough, they will not be able to find any room in the Chinese market."
In bilateral assessment and dispute settlement mechanism, the rights and obligations of China and the United States are completely equal. It is by no means the unilateral mechanism of the United States overseeing China.
In accordance with the principle of reciprocity, the agreement defines the bilateral assessment and dispute settlement mechanism. Regarding this, Shen Yi, director of the cyberspace research base of Fudan University, believes that this is the innovation of the trade dispute settlement mechanism under the background of globalization.
This mechanism is a new channel for resolving trade disputes between China and the United States besides the WTO trade dispute settlement mechanism. Shen Yi thinks, "this mechanism is not" start all over again ", but adheres to the basic principles of the WTO trade dispute settlement mechanism. The two sides will retain their basic rights under WTO. On this basis, the two sides can carry out bilateral consultations on major trade issues in a timely manner, effectively prevent trade conflicts from escalating, and maintain stable development of trade relations.
"In this mechanism, the rights and obligations of China and the United States are completely equal, and it is by no means the unilateral mechanism of the US supervising China. The United States can not only initiate negotiations on expanding imports and exports of goods, but also China can initiate negotiations on expanding imports and exports. Shen Yi said that if China is willing to import certain commodities of the United States, and in fact there is difficulty in importing, that is, the so-called "want to buy, can not buy", in this case, it can initiate bilateral negotiations and invite the US side to talk at the negotiating table, which will set up a ladder for importing restrictive commodities in the United States.
"For example, the United States used export control to me in some high-tech fields, even without negotiation. Now, with this consultation mechanism, we can initiate negotiations on expanding the import of US high-tech products, which will provide me with the possibility of importing related high-tech products. Shen Yi said.
Zhang Yansheng, principal investigator of China's economic and Trade Commission, said the bilateral assessment and dispute settlement mechanism was achieved through China's hard negotiations. This is a relatively balanced and fair mechanism, which embodies the principle of reciprocity. This mechanism is not a replacement relationship with the WTO trade dispute settlement mechanism, but a supplement and innovation, reflecting the institutional innovation that keeps pace with the times.
"Globalization and information technology are advancing in depth, and economic and trade development is changing rapidly. Multilateral rules also need to keep pace with the times. Under the background of accelerating the reform of WTO, China and the United States have made clear the bilateral assessment and dispute settlement mechanism through the agreement, explored the multilateral mechanism reform, and also have reference significance for other relevant countries to properly resolve trade disputes. Zhang Yansheng said.
The tariff decline is in line with the first stage of negotiations and is the initiative for the next negotiation.
The agreement pushed the US side to impose a tariff increase from China to China, including a moratorium on the tariffs to be added in December 15th last year, and the tariff rate added to China in September 1st last year, from 15% to 7.5%. In this regard, Shen Yi believes that the agreement reached between China and the United States is the first stage, and the tariff decline is also phased, which is in line with expectations. It is worth noting that this is the first time that the US side has made a tariff concession to the relevant trade parties for the first time after several years of dancing the tariff bar. It fully proves that China has made great achievements in the negotiations.
Shen Yi believes that negotiation is a process of mutual game, and is also a process of maximizing interests. At present, a considerable proportion of the commodities are able to hedge and digest for most enterprises after the tariff concession, and also take the initiative for the next negotiation.
"With China's opening up wider and wider, governance capacity is being accelerated and matured. After the baptism of economic and trade frictions, Chinese enterprises will become stronger. Shen Yi said.
Zhang Yansheng believes that at the present stage, 7.5% of the tariff quota is an acceptable result. "With the further development of Sino US economic and trade negotiations in the next stage, China is fully confident, able and able to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese enterprises and push forward the Sino US economic and trade relations."
Experts interviewed generally agreed that after nearly two years of hard negotiations, the two sides finally reached the first stage economic and trade agreement, which embodies the principle of win-win cooperation, which is beneficial to China, to the United States, and to the whole world, to effectively stabilize the market and stabilize expectations, in line with the interests of all parties, and in line with China's overall pattern of opening wider to the outside world. The conclusion of the agreement has pushed the Sino US economic and trade relations back to the right track and provided a model for the world to deal with economic and trade frictions.
Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States, bilateral economic and trade relations have been developing continuously, and cooperation in trade and investment has yielded fruitful results and achieved mutual benefit and mutual benefit. At the same time, we should also see that as the two largest economies and trading powers in the world, China and the United States have different stages of economic development and different economic systems, and trade and economic exchanges are huge in scale, rich in content, wide in coverage, involving multiple subjects and deep integration of interests. Some contradictions and differences are inevitable. Resolving Sino US economic and trade issues is long-term, complex and arduous.
China has always insisted that differences and frictions must be resolved through dialogue and consultation. The signing of the agreement means that initial progress has been made in dialogue and consultation, but this is only part of the solution process. In this regard, we need to maintain a sense of normalcy, continue to solve problems in a rational and constructive manner, and persist in adopting a cooperative way to promote mutually beneficial and win-win agreements. Of course, while striving for better direction, our country also has strong capabilities and solid preparations to deal with all kinds of challenges and pressures.
"Thousand bricks and mortar are still strong, and the north and south winds of East and West." Next, China will always adhere to the established direction and pace of reform and opening up, stick to its own business and strive to achieve a stable future for China's economy and create a better tomorrow for the world economy.
The good trade between China and the United States has also given the industry a deep sigh of relief under the outbreak. It seems that the textile and garment industry in 2020 has been seen in the clouds.
