Financing Mode Of Import And Export Trade

With the rapid development of China's foreign trade, domestic commercial banks are increasingly rich in trade financing.

However, in the course of the specific operation, some business types, such as the amount of issuing credit, packing and lending, and delivery guarantee, have developed rapidly. Some other business types, such as import bill, overdraft amount, bill collection and discount under export collection, have not been further developed and are in a state of stagnation.

From the following two aspects: expanding international trade settlement business and reducing risk, we introduce and analyze several trade financing varieties that have not been further developed or are in a state of stagnation.

Importing bill of exchange, import and export documentary bill, means that the issuing bank receives the letter of credit and the bill is correct. According to the "import negotiation agreement" signed with the applicant and the trust receipt submitted by the applicant, the bill will be paid first and paid separately.

The applicant will return the principal and interest to the issuing bank after he takes the goods and sells them on the market.

In a sense, it is a flexible financing method for the issuing bank to grant the applicant an option to convert a long-term letter of credit into a sight letter of credit plus an import bill.

However, because some banks conceal the advance money in the name of imported bills, their business development has been limited.

In fact, for banks, whether it is compared with general liquidity loans or compared with long-term letters of credit, import bills that are equivalent to special loans and have the ownership of goods by banks are actually much safer and more profitable.

For foreign trade enterprises, the import bill will make the loan term more flexible and reduce the cost. On the other hand, when the interest rate of RMB and foreign discount rate are basically flat, Renminbi can be used instead of foreign currency to prevent exchange rate risk.

Of course, from the perspective of banks, it can also take measures such as improving internal systems, collecting a certain margin, strictly examining imported commodities and investigating its market prospects, so as to avoid quot, false bills, genuine advances and the return of principal and interest on the basis of incompatible sales of imported goods.

Two import and export collection. The import collection bill of import collection bill refers to the collection of receipts received by the exporter through the collection bank, the importer's bill of purchase, the trust receipt and the import collection negotiation agreement signed with the importer, which is first paid and placed separately by the importer, and the importer's voucher is taken out, and the principal and interest of the collecting bank are returned by the payment after sale.

For banks or foreign trade enterprises, the advantages of import collection bills are generally the same as those of import bills.

But the risk of the bank itself is far more than that of the import bill.

Because the import bill is established on the basis of the letter of credit business with the primary payment responsibility of the bank, if the single document is identical and the document is identical, the issuing bank must perform the obligation of external payment even if the applicant does not pay.

In this way, if the two factors of exchange rate risk and interest are excluded, the import bill does not bring greater risks to the issuing bank.

Import collection is a commercial credit, and no matter whether the importer pays or not, the collecting agent is not responsible.

However, if the importer continues to do import collection bill, the importer will undoubtedly pfer the business credit to the collecting bank, which will increase the risk of the collecting bank.

As a collecting bank, we should check the importer's creditworthiness, business status, and the quality of the pledge / guarantee for the purpose of checking a quota for the purpose of making use of it, so as to integrate business and risk prevention.

Three. The overdraft within the limit refers to the amount of overdraft within the limit, which means that the bank will approve an overdraft limit for its customers in its bank account based on the credit information and the quality / security of the client, allowing the customer to overdraw within the limit according to the needs of the fund, and can automatically reduce the overdraft balance with the normal sales revenue.

The deposit and loan combination of domestic banks is an overdraft financing mode.

If the customer is required to make a sum of money from abroad in accordance with the trade contract after receiving the goods, he or she will not have to apply for a loan two weeks or a week in advance, but only when the relevant remittance procedures are completed, the cheque can be remitted and remitted on the day of the remittance.

But at present, domestic banks seldom use this kind of financing mode, mainly because it has actually reduced the profitability of banks.

In the long run, with the intensification of competition in China's service industry, the reduction of bank profitability is an inevitable trend.

Four. The import and payment on the basis of the import and payment of the false forward letter of credit. The so-called "import substitution" means that the issuing bank, in accordance with the financing agreement signed with the foreign banks (most of its overseas branches), signs the agreement of payment under the import letter of credit with the applicant before opening the letter of credit, and sends the bill to the unit on the basis of the trust receipt submitted by the applicant, and cable the foreign bank's payment.

The applicant pays the principal and interest on the day of payment.

It is stipulated by the issuing bank that the draft is forward, but the issuing / payment will be paid at sight, and the discount fee will be borne by the applicant.

Compared with imported bills, the above two financing methods are the same for importers, and the procedures are similar. They are signed by the issuing bank and the applicant before signing the contract. After the receipt, the applicant can exchange the documents with the "trust receipt" to pick up the goods and return the principal and interest at the agreed time.

The following points are different: the source of funds is different, the type of letter of credit and the interest rate are different.

The risks of the import and payment of the import and payment of the credit for the issuing bank are three aspects: the credit status of the applicant, the quality of the credit card, the status of the guarantee and the monitoring level of the imported goods.

If it is a comprehensive credit item, and the exporter is a more famous company in the world and the imported goods are relatively marketable goods, the risk of the issuing bank is very small and the income is very rich.

Five. Export collection and collection of export collection and export factoring refers to the collection of settlement by exporters when they submit documents and entrust banks to collect money from importers. At the same time, they request the collection bank to advance part or all of their payment, and to collect the proceeds from the bank after collecting the receivables.

The export factoring bill means that the exporter will deliver the invoice and relevant documents to the exporter (bank) on behalf of the exporter when he gets the credit line of the importer's factoring, and the bank will provide an advance payment of not more than 80% of the invoice amount.

The discount of export credit is part of bank credit. If the banks are strong enough and the credit is good, there will be no risk at all.

The question is how to handle bills of exchange for small and medium-sized banks or economically unstable areas and banks with relatively few contacts with China?

There are three ways to eradicate practical experience: first, exporters with good credit strength can be handled within the framework of comprehensive credit and appropriately controlled.

The two is to seek exporters to export credit insurance and export discount under the export credit insurance.

Three, it is possible to contact foreign large banks to buy time draft without recourse, although such discount rate may be higher at LIBOR+0.5-3%, but the export banks will get a certain profit, and exporters will also timely finance the funds, so it is feasible.

The discount under export collection is the same as commercial credit under export collection. The risk is far greater than that under export credit.

The five items that should be noted in the business operation are consistent with the four items that should be paid attention to when negotiating the export collection and export factoring.