Accounting False Accounting Techniques: Inventory

Inventory refers to all kinds of assets stored in the course of production and operation for sale or consumption, including stock, in transit and consigned processing of various raw materials, fuels, packaging, low value and easily consumed goods, purchased goods, products, semi-finished products, finished products, and installment receipts. Inventory belongs to the category of current assets, and occupies a large proportion in the fund of enterprise activities. It has a weak liquidity, a large number of species, a large quantity, frequently received and received, and has a long stay in the enterprise and slow liquidity. It has some difficulties in management and accounting, and prone to produce weak links. Therefore, the criminals often regard the inventory as the object of stealing and selling, and the enterprises often use the stock as an adjustment. A reservoir for cost and profit. The common forms of false form in inventory management and accounting are mainly as follows:

I. illegal allocation and unreal cost.

Some enterprises, when calculating the purchase cost of purchased materials, will be able to directly account for the procurement costs of various materials, or directly share them, or they should be apportioned in a certain proportion to calculate the procurement costs of various materials without reasonable apportionment according to the regulations. For example, in the "material purchase" account, the purchase price of purchased materials shall only be accounted for in the incidental expenses of the purchased materials and in the transportation. The purchase cost, such as physical wastage, sorting and picking expenses before storage, is all included in the "management cost" account. The incidental expenses arising from the purchase of materials are not assessed in proportion to the weight or purchase price of the material, and the purchase cost of all materials is accounted for, and all of them are included in the procurement cost of a major material, so as to increase the procurement cost of main materials and reduce the procurement cost of other materials. An enterprise pulls 50 tons of logs from timber factories, 50 tons of other timber, and a total of 30000 yuan of miscellaneous charges, all of which are borne by logs. The purchase cost of purchased logs is 15000 yuan and the purchase cost of other materials is less than 15000 yuan, resulting in false accounting for the procurement cost of various materials.

Two, the pricing method of arbitrarily changing inventory.

According to the accounting system, enterprises can choose the inventory valuation method stipulated by the system according to their own needs, but the method of selection can not be changed arbitrarily during the year. If there is indeed a need to change, the reasons for changes and their impact on the financial situation must be explained in the accounting statements. However, in practice, many enterprises have the question of changing the pricing method arbitrarily. The problem is that the accounting indexes are inconsistent before and after each period, adjusting the production or selling cost artificially and adjusting the current profits.

For example, M enterprises use the first in first out method to calculate the cost of issuing inventories in a certain year. However, due to the influence of many factors, when the purchase price of the commodity rises, the cost is calculated by the last in first out method, and the first in first out method is used to reduce the purchase price when the purchase price goes down, so that the goods can be used alternately in the accounting year of, and the profit should be adjusted artificially.

For example, a company has always used the last in first out method to determine the actual cost of timber issuance for many years. Due to the excessive price rise of wood, the cost of woodwork products has been greatly improved and the economic efficiency has decreased significantly. In order to curb the decline of economic efficiency, enterprises have taken positive measures and adopted some improper means to change the method of calculating the actual cost of raw materials. The specific method is to transform the last in first out method into FIFO. The company has always used the last in first out method to calculate the actual cost of timber issuance. As at the end of June, the book balance of timber was 100 cubic meters, the unit cost was 180 yuan / cubic meter, and the balance was 180000 yuan. In the second half of this year, 3000 cubic meters of timber were purchased, amounting to 1575000 yuan (of which 1700 cubic meters were purchased in July, the unit cost was 400 yuan / cubic meter, the balance was 680000 yuan; in October, 1750 cubic meters of timber were purchased, and the unit cost was 460 yuan / cubic meter, with a balance of 80500 yuan). Since July, the first in first out method has been used to calculate the actual cost of timber without examination and approval. This will artificially regulate the issue of inventory costs, sales costs and profits.

Three, material inventory surplus, no transfer processing.

Due to the variety of materials, the complicated specifications and the frequent numbers of sending and receiving, errors are unavoidable in measurement and calculation. There may be natural loss, damage and theft in warehousing and storage. Therefore, the enterprise should carry out physical inventory on various materials at the end of the year, check the actual quantity and the book quantity, and identify the causes for the material surplus and inventory losses, and transfer the accounts according to the regulations. However, in practical work, many enterprises make use of the wrong way to deal with inventory surplus or inventory losses so as to adjust profits. For example, some enterprises have better economic returns, but business leaders are worried about "shooting the birds out of their heads". In order to lower profits, they have adopted only lists of materials and materials to deal with inventory losses, while the enterprises that do not report and do not transfer accounts for the materials, and on the contrary, they do not benefit well. In order to achieve more profits, they have only processed the material surplus and transferred the materials to the next year. There are other ways to deal with the problem, such as the enterprise's free transfer of accounts, the inventory surplus material into the "extra business income" or "other business income", or the mutual loss of the loss or spillover amount that occurs in the inventory surplus and material reserves, and does not turn out the corresponding "input tax" to increase the deduction of the value added tax.

Four, do not report damage or loss.

If an enterprise finds damaged materials in the course of checking the property, it shall apply for approval to sell the damaged value according to the prescribed procedures. However, in order to cover up its depressed business conditions, the enterprise will make false profits and losses, and will not report the damaged materials identified in the year-end property inspection, so that its loss value is still hidden in the material cost.

For example, a company specializing in the production of wool, when carrying out property inspection at the end of the year, found that the warehouse due to quality reasons, so that many stock wool moldy, moth eaten, the loss of the value of 600 thousand yuan. After predicting the annual revenue and expenditure, enterprises find that if they want to report damages, the enterprises will turn profits into losses. The wages of workers in the enterprise are linked by "work efficiency linkage". If enterprises lose money, workers will not be able to raise wages and affect the year-end bonus payment. After weighing, the enterprise leaders will instruct the accounting department to remove all the materials that should be reported from the inventory of the property. The physical objects are still left in the warehouse without processing, and the carrying amount will be carried forward to the next year at the end of the year. Such a result will cause enterprises to form virtual profits and losses on the one hand. On the other hand, they will bury potential deficits for the next year.

Five. The small Treasuries outside the account.

In order to earn extra income for employees or to make some illegal expenditures, enterprises should set up "small coffers" for external materials. A certain proportion of material and materials in the account should be transferred to the outside of the account and placed outside the production and operation of the enterprise as a "reservoir" at any time. The main techniques are:

1, when the inventory is purchased, the production cost or the prepaid expenses will be counted and the cost will be included if not used.

2, the materials that are used or not need to be used, but they are included in the cost and expenses. They do not make any withdrawal or false returns, withdraw from the Treasury, do not keep accounts, etc., and accumulate a large amount of goods and materials, and form a large amount of materials outside the account, and report them to the "small Treasuries".

3, the recovered edges, corners and wastes are not accounted for.

4, inventory surplus, accept donations materials do not make accounts.

5, homemade materials are not accounted for.

6. The surplus materials for outward processing and returning materials are not accounted for.

For example, a workshop and a management department of a certain enterprise receive materials, and the material materials are not used or used less, but the amount of materials and materials received according to the material list is accounted for in the cost account. As a result, a large amount of materials and materials outside the account will not be processed for refund, nor will they be accounted for, but will be sold and the amount paid will be deposited in the "small Treasuries" so that they can buy their daily necessities or direct cash payment in the name of bonuses.

Six, commit theft and falsely report losses

A custodian uses his duties or colludes with personnel in the workshop, altering accounts, stealing property, or falsifying and exaggerating losses, damaging or transferring materials to the public, or falsifying the requisitions and requisitions, stealing materials, transferring them for sale, or stealing materials, and breaking the cost of stolen materials into normal materials and materials through discount.

For example, an enterprise's workshop requisition clerk, cost accounting clerk and warehouse keeper collude for conspiracy to embezzle and steal electrical materials. The material requisition list is filled out by the requisitions clerk, without the approval of the workshop leader, and directly to the warehouse. The storekeeper does not audit according to the requirements of the materials, that is, sign and issue the materials, then the partnership smuggle the goods out of the factory. In the accounting process, the accounts of "production cost" and "manufacturing cost" are only debited on the basis of the monoculture, and the accounting process of the "internal contacts" is credited, and the accounting procedures for the warehousing and outgoing of materials are omitted.

Seven. Barter.

According to the provisions of the state tax law and the accounting standards for enterprises, the exchange of living materials by means of production data and the exchange of other means of production by means of production data should be regarded as sales, purchase and sales accounting processing, and the calculation of related taxes. But some enterprises do not settle accounts in such non monetary transactions, do not go away from accounts, and get rid of departments such as banks, industrial and commercial administration, etc. The supervision will open the door for evading circulation tax, reducing sales revenue and concealing profits. For example, an enterprise for a car manufacturer, the production of their own cars and a machine tool plant production of barter trade, the financial personnel of the enterprise do not account processing, negotiation between the two commodities does not exist price difference.

Eight, false materials out of the library, virtual cost.

After evading the income tax and reducing profits, the enterprise adopts the procedures of handling the fake and outgoing warehouses, making material costs artificially, and artificially raising the cost of products. If an enterprise processes the requisition procedures at the year-end workshop, fill in the requisition list, and actually fails to receive the material, the cost accounting clerk of the workshop shall, according to the purpose of the filling list, make the accounting treatment for increasing the production cost and the manufacturing cost in the name of product production materials and workshop repair materials, and at the end of the year, with less fraud in the cost of the product and the allocation of the finished product cost. The inflated product cost is artificially transferred to the selling cost, and the total profit is reduced accordingly.

Nine, the arrival of goods not arrived, will not be temporarily estimated warehousing.

According to the regulations of the accounting system, the purchase materials (but not the invoice receipts) that have been received at the end of the month should be temporarily assessed for warehousing and account processing. However, some enterprises do not account for the materials received at the end of the month, resulting in inconsistent accounts.

If the auditor is auditing an enterprise's stock, the physical inventory is not in conformity with the book amount. After detailed investigation, it is learned that a number of motors purchased by the enterprise have been put into storage, but the invoice has not arrived yet, and the financial personnel of the enterprise have not accounted for the accounts.

Ten, artificially raise the cost difference rate.

Some enterprises, in order to control excess profits, mostly cheat from two aspects of hidden income and inflated cost, and artificially raise the difference rate of material cost and share the difference of material cost. For example, in order to evade the income tax, an enterprise adopts the means of raising the difference rate of material cost. The planned cost of raw materials for the whole year's production is 30 million yuan per month, and the monthly difference in the raw material cost is between 95-12.8%. After adjustment, the monthly rate of human difference is 1.5% higher than that of accrual difference, and the annual difference of material cost is about 5000000 yuan.

Eleven, artificially lowering the rate of difference.

Contrary to the difference rate of raising cost, some enterprises, in order to complete the task of contract, artificially reduce the cost of material and material by lowering the cost of the material, so as to reduce the cost and increase the profit of sales and realize the task of contract.

Twelve, excessive planned costs deviate from actual costs.

According to the accounting system, the daily cost of material is calculated by planned cost, and the planned price is usually 10% higher than or lower than the actual price. Some enterprises intend to determine the planned price of the material too high or too low in order to regulate the cost and profit of the product, or even raise or press down the planned price close to the actual price. Thus, the purpose of adjusting profit is to adjust the balance of material cost variance artificially.

Thirteen, imaginary in the completion of the product, adjust the cost of finished products.

Whether the total cost of products is allocated correctly between finished products and products will determine the authenticity of the finished product and the end of the month in product cost. In order to adjust profits, enterprises often make articles about the cost of finished products and the cost of products. That is to say, it is intended to convert more or less at the end of the month in the production of the product, or more or less in the degree of product processing, so as to regulate the allocation of production costs between products and finished products.

If a company produces a total cost of 45 million yuan this month, 2000 products will be produced this month, and 1400 units will be completed at the end of the month, with 600 units in the product and 80% completion. In order to increase the cost of product sales, the enterprise will achieve 60% of the completion level of the products, so that the cost allocation of the finished products will be allocated more than the allocated amount, resulting in less profit.

Fourteen, steal away from others

Some enterprises take the method of "adjusting the package" to exchange the commodities purchased or stored, and replace the superior products with the inferior ones. It is planned and premeditated to string up rules and regulations for different products and confuse goods of different batches, models, places of origin and prices.

As a warehouse keeper of a food company, his brother opened a small shop to run the miscellaneous food. For a long time, any shop was unable to purchase because of its improper purchase. Sell All the articles are returned to the factory by the custodian, and the new items are returned from the factory. If the expired food is sent back to the factory, then the new factory food is returned to the store. After that, the storekeeper will replace the real food with fake food and replace it with the genuine food produced by the factory. In plant The economy suffered great losses.

Fifteen, change the accounting method of low value and consumable goods, and adjust the cost of products.

Low value and easily consumed goods can be calculated by one time amortization, divided allocation and 55 amortization. Either way business accounting Once it is adopted, it can not change itself. However, in order to adjust the cost of products, some enterprises often change the established amortization law at random, and calculate the actual cost of low value and easily consumed goods irregularities. If an enterprise wants to increase or lower its profit, it will use the method of grading or amortization, artificially manipulating the cost, so as to achieve the goal of predetermined profit.

Sixteen. Change the accounting method of packaging and adjust the cost of products.

Seventeen, commissioned processing bribery, pay more material costs

The enterprise entrusts an outside unit to process various materials, and the relevant accounting personnel and business personnel, in order to gain the benefits from the entrusted processing unit, accept bribes and kickbacks, and conspire with the entrusted processing units, and in accordance with the processing fees, statements and invoices issued by the company, default on the processing costs and miscellaneous charges that are violated in the contract stipulations, and the remaining materials after the processing of the units are not allowed. The value of recycling is accounted for in the actual cost of the finished material.

Eighteen, the installment receipts issue goods, does not carry the selling cost according to the actual ratio.

In order to benefit in the near future, the enterprise can make the profit transfer in different accounting periods through the way of issuing the cost of goods sold by multiple carry over or less transfer and installment receipts.

If an enterprise issues a price of 1 million yuan in accordance with the sales contract in December, the contract specifies that the goods will be collected in three installments according to the installment receivables, and that the goods will be charged for 20% of the total amount, and the subsequent period will be charged 40%. The actual cost of the goods is 800 thousand yuan. According to the regulations, the selling cost of the first phase shall be 400 thousand x 20%=8 yuan, but the enterprise will carry 50 thousand yuan. Due to the fact that the sales cost of the current sale is less than 30 thousand yuan, the profit of the inflated product is 30 thousand yuan.