5 Commonly Used Methods Of Financial Cost Accounting In Enterprises

　　 1. Variety method

(1) definition: a cost calculation method based on product variety as object of cost calculation.

(2) cost object: the cost object of variety law is: product variety. In practical work, we can apply the cost object under "variety law" to product category, product variety, product variety specification.

(3) calculation methods and main points: the main points of application of the variety law in practical work are: setting up production cost ledger and costing sheet with "variety" as the object; using the "accounting period" in the cost calculation period; collecting and distributing the expenses according to "varieties"; and carrying out the cost analysis with the "variety" as the main object.

(4) scope of application: variety method is suitable for large number of large scale, single step production enterprises. Such as power generation, extractive industry and management only require the enterprises to check the final products.

　　 2. Batching method

(1) definition: a cost calculation method based on product batches as object of cost calculation.

(2) cost object: product "batch". Batch method is a very general method of cost calculation. In practice, there are "batch number" and "batch" definition. The cost object can be determined according to the following ways: product variety, batch number, pharmacy and other enterprises' batch number and customer order under the batch actual valuation method in inventory accounting, that is, the method of calculating the cost according to the customer order, other enterprises' needs and self defined "batch".

(3) calculation method and main points: the main points of application of variety law in practical work are: setting up production cost ledger and costing sheet with "batch number" and "batch" as objects of cost calculation. In the cost calculation period, the "construction period" is generally adopted. There is usually no distribution of production costs between finished products and products. If the production cost is finished, the quota method should be adopted between the products and the products.

(4) scope of application: single, small batch production enterprises, enterprises that organize production according to customer orders, and therefore also called "order law".

　　 3. Fractional step method

(1) definition: taking product production stage and "step" as the object of cost calculation, a method of calculating cost.

(2) object of cost: the "step" under the step by step method is also generalized. In practice, there are abundant, flexible and specific contents and application methods. In the practical application, the "step" under step by step method can be defined as the following "step" meaning: the Department, namely the calculation and examination of "departmental cost", the workshop, the process, the specific production, processing stage, and work center, and the random combination of the above conditions.

(3) calculation methods and main points: compared with other methods, the step by step method is very different in terms of specific calculation methods, mainly because of the cost calculated according to the production stages and steps.

Under the step-by-step method, there are a series of specific calculation procedures, methods and implications. Generally speaking, step by step cost accounting has the following main points: according to the "step" as the object of cost calculation, the cost of collection, the computation cost and the cost calculation period, the "accounting period" method is usually adopted. At the end of the period, there are always the finished products in the current stage and the end products are in the end.

(4) scope of application: a large number of enterprises with large number of steps and stages; the management requires that the cost be calculated according to the production stages, steps and workshops; metallurgy, textile, paper making enterprises, and other large quantities of large production enterprises.

　　 4. Classification

(1) definition: taking product class as the object of cost calculation, collecting cost and calculating cost.

(2) cost object: the cost object of the classification is the product "class". In practical work, it can be defined as the product natural category and the product category required by management.

(3) calculation methods and main points: the main points of the cost accounting method under the classification method can be summarized as follows: Taking the "product class" as the object of the cost calculation, the cost calculation sheet is set up; the cost calculation method of the product class is the same as the "variety"; after calculating the cost of a "class product", the product is redistributed to the specific species according to the following method to calculate the cost of the variety; a product is selected as a "standard product" in the class; the conversion system for other products and standard products is defined; and the cost decomposition of the "products" is calculated to the cost of the specific variety products according to the proportion of the conversion system.

(4) scope of application: classification is suitable for enterprises whose products are of various specifications and can be classified according to certain standards. Such as shoe factories, rolling mills, etc.

　　 5, ABC cost method

Since 70s, the activity based costing (ABC) has been studied in some developed countries, and now it has been adopted by many countries. It is a way of making indirect costs such as manufacturing costs not according to the traditional method of collecting and assigning objects in the workshop. It is a method of collecting and distributing the cost by "homework". It can allocate indirect expenses more reasonably and make the calculation of cost more reasonable. Because it is only a way of distribution of indirect costs, enterprises should actually use other basic accounting methods together.

The cost management system can meet the choice of various calculation methods of enterprise cost accounting. However, due to the many specific and special requirements of cost accounting of various enterprises, the randomness of some enterprises is relatively large. Furthermore, it is suggested that enterprises should choose appropriate cost accounting methods in cost accounting, standardize the process of cost accounting, and reduce arbitrariness. Once a cost accounting method is determined, do not change at will.