轉抗蟲基因作物的新策略發展
隨著生物技術的迅猛發展,圍繞Bt的研究也不再局限于菌株的分離、鑒定、生產和發酵等,1981年科學家分離得到第一個編碼殺蟲晶體蛋白的cry基因,截至2015年底,已報道的Bt基因已達到813種。
自20世紀80年代中期開始,基于清晰的Bt蛋白的殺蟲機制與廣泛應用,科學家提出應用植物基因工程手段進行抗蟲轉基因育種,把Bt基因直接轉入植物細胞,這就像為植物打疫苗,使植物自己獲得抗擊蟲害的能力。

在轉Bt作物中,效果最好、應用最廣的為抗蟲棉。棉花生產受到害蟲的嚴重危害,棉鈴蟲是棉花的天敵之一,棉花一旦被侵害,植株就會變黃、發蔫,甚至無法開花、吐絮,造成棉田減產,棉農減收。
早期,人們防治棉鈴蟲主要以化學農藥噴施為主,但長期使用會使害蟲產生抗藥性,且農藥對人體有害,容易中毒,對環境也會造成嚴重污染。
1987年,美國Agracetus公司首次報道將外源Bt殺蟲蛋白基因轉入棉花。
1990年,美國孟山都公司將BtCrylA基因轉入柯字312棉,后經進一步研究和改進,成功地培育出多個轉Bt基因抗蟲棉品種,最后大面積種植。
1997年,美國種植100多萬公頃抗蟲棉,平均增產7%。我國是繼美國后世界上第二個培育出抗蟲棉的國家,抗蟲棉的應用遍布全國,已全面替代進口品種。
多年的農田試驗表明,轉基因棉花使棉花殺蟲劑等化學農藥的使用量減少40-60%,化學農藥大量減少,降低對環境的污染,也減少人畜中毒事件的發生,同時也減少農藥對與棉花間作套種作物的污染,提高這些作物的安全性,這更有利于棉花立體種植,降低植棉成本,增加效益,形成良性循環。
到目前為止,除棉花、玉米、水稻等常見大田作物外,Bt基因也成功轉入馬鈴薯、番茄、楊樹等農作物和林木中。
具有抗蟲能力的基因并不限于Bt中的cry系列基因,科學家還發現其他抗蟲基因。另外,科學家正致力于研究轉基因抗蟲作物的新策略。德國科學家開發RNA干擾策略,此策略生產出的抗蟲轉基因馬鈴薯沒有轉入外源蛋白,只在葉綠體或者其他質體內轉入一種雙鏈RNA,就可以特異性地干擾不同害蟲的不同基因,影響害蟲的生長發育。
目前已在棉花、玉米、水稻、大豆、馬鈴薯、番茄、煙草、葡萄、油菜、甜菜、向日葵等多種作物上進行試驗。
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