Leather Knowledge

Leather differentiation is the basic knowledge of leather care industry and consumers. Modern leather processing technology is more and more advanced and leather varieties are more and more. It is far from enough to distinguish the authenticity from the thickness and density of leather surface. Mastering the knowledge of leather distinction and understanding the performance characteristics and expansion strength of leather will help greatly in leather design and manufacture, renovation and cleaning of leather industry, repair of damaged products, and purchase and use of leather products by leather products. 　

The leather industry in the world includes leather, regenerated leather and artificial leather. 　

Leather is made from cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, deer or some other animals. After tanning and processing, leather is made of leather materials with various properties, strength, touch, color and pattern. It is a necessary material for modern leather products. Among them, cowhide, sheepskin and pigskin are three kinds of leather materials used for leather making. The dermis is divided into two types: head skin and two skin. 　

(1) the skin of the first layer is a cow, sheep, pig skin with grain, and there are natural scar and blood tendon marks on the surface. Occasionally there are knife injuries in the processing process and the very low belly parts. The imported head skin and cattle * number mark. The whole grain of the skin can be distinguished from the animal skins from the size and density of the pores. There are more kinds of cattle skin, such as cow skin, meat, cattle hide, cattle hide, cow hide, Bull Hide, Uncastrated Bull Hide and castrated bull skin. There are also cattle hide, buffalo skin, yak skin and calf skin in China. Among them, the pores of the buffalo hide are thicker and thinner, while the yellow cattle hide is smaller and thicker than that of the buffalo hide. The pores of sheep skin are thinner, denser and slightly skewness, mainly consisting of two main categories: sheep skin and goat skin. Pigskin's rule of long hair is a small number of 3~5 roots, so it is easy to distinguish. It is easy to distinguish. Pigskin is commonly used for raising pigs, and wild boar skins. The famous wild boar is wild boar. The boar skin has obvious porcine skin pores and grain characteristics. Because of its special collagen fiber structure, it can be made into very soft garment leather or glove leather, and its value is very high. In addition, ostrich skin, crocodile skin, short nosed crocodile skin, lizard skin, snake skin, bullfrog skin, sea fish skin (shark skin, cod skin, fish skin, eel skin, pearl fish skin, etc.), freshwater fish skin (with grass carp, carp skin and other scaly skin), fur fur fox fur (Yin Hu skin, blue fox skin, etc.), wolf skin, dog skin, rabbit skin and so on are easy to identify, and can not be made of two layers of skin. 　

The skin of the first layer is made directly from the raw skins of various animals, or the skins of cattle, pigs, horses and other animal skins with thicker cortex are sliced and cut into two layers.

The top layer leather includes grain leather, shaving leather, embossed leather, special effect leather and embossed leather. Two layers of skin are divided into two layers of pigs and two layers of leather.

Characteristics of A grain leather:

Among all kinds of leather, full grain leather tops the list, because it is made from the superior raw material of less damaged skin. The leather surface is kept in good natural condition, and the coating is thin, which can show the natural flower pattern of animal skin. It is not only wearable, but also has good air permeability. The leather products of Tian Hu series are made of high quality leather products using this kind of leather as raw material.

B shaving leather characteristics:

It is made by using a leather grinding machine to coat the surface and then press the corresponding patterns. In fact, it is "cosmetic" for the natural leather surface with disability or roughness. This kind of leather almost lost its original surface state.

C full grain leather characteristics:

It is divided into soft leather, wrinkled leather, front leather and so on. It is characterized by complete retention of granules, clear pores, fine, tight, irregular arrangement, plump and delicate surface, elastic and good air permeability. It is a high-grade leather. Leather products made from this cowhide are comfortable, durable and beautiful.

D half grain leather characteristics:

During the production process, only half of the grain is processed and grinded, so it is called half grain leather. It keeps some of the natural leather's style. The pores are flat and oval, irregular in arrangement, and hard in hand. Generally, the raw materials with poor grades are chosen. So it belongs to mid-range leather. Due to the particularity of the process, its surface has no disability and scars, and its utilization rate is high. Its finished products are not easy to deform, so they are generally used in large box products.

E shaving leather characteristics:

Also known as "smooth cowhide", the market is also known as fog surface, bright surface cowhide. It is characterized by smooth, smooth surface, no pores and skin veins. In the process of making, the surface of the surface is slightly grind and modified, and a coloured resin is sprayed on the leather to hide the surface texture of the leather, and then spray the waterborne light penetrating resin, so it is a high-grade leather. In particular, the bright, elegant and gorgeous style of bright leather is the popular leather of fashion leather.

F special effects cowhide characteristics:

The production process requires the same finishing cowhide. Only the coloured resin is coated with beads, metal aluminum or metallic copper without any ingredients to spray the leather synthetically, and then roll a layer of waterborne transparent resin. The finished products have various luster, bright colors, and elegant appearance. Characteristics of embossed cowhide: use patterned flower plates (aluminum and copper) to warm the leather surface to suppress various patterns and make them into a style of leather. At present, the market is popular with "litchi pattern cowhide", which is to use a flower plate with a litchi pattern, and the name is also called "litchi pattern cowhide".

(2) the two layer skin is the two layer of loosely woven fibrous tissue. It is processed by chemical material spraying or covered with PVC and PU film. Therefore, the effective way to distinguish the skin of the head and the two layer skin is to observe the fiber density of the longitudinal section of the skin. The skin of the first layer is composed of a dense thin fibrous layer and a slightly loose overlayer which is closely connected with it. It has good strength, elasticity and process plasticity. The two layer of leather is only a loose fibrous tissue layer. It can only be used for making leather products only after spraying chemical raw materials or polishing. It maintains certain natural elasticity and process plasticity, but its strength is poor, and its thickness is the same as that of the head skin. 　

There are also various kinds of leather used for fashion production today, but there are some differences in the processing technology. 　

The following is a detailed description of leather processed by leather.

1, water stained skin: refers to cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, deer and other head skin bleaching and dyeing all kinds of colors, up and down, and polishing processing of various soft skin. 　

2, open edge beads: also known as film leather, is thrown into two sides along the backbone, and to repair the wrinkled belly and some parts of the skin or two layers of open skin, on the surface of all kinds of pure color, metal color, pearl, color, or two colored or multicolored PVC film processing. 　

3, lacquer: leather made of two layers of leather, coated with various chemical raw materials, pressed or matted. 　

4, repair surface: it is a poor top layer of leather, polishing the surface, grinding the surface of the scar and blood tendon marks, with a variety of popular color paste spray, pressed into grain or smooth effect of the skin. 　

5, embossed leather: generally used to repair leather or open side beads to suppress all kinds of patterns or patterns. For example, the crocodile pattern, the lizard pattern, the ostrich skin pattern, the python skin pattern, the water ripple, the beautiful bark pattern, the litchi pattern, the imitation deer pattern, and so on, and all kinds of stripes, flower patterns, stereoscopic patterns or creative patterns reflecting various brand images. 　

6, printed or burnt leather: the material is the same as the embossed leather, but the processing technology is different. It is printed or ironed into a variety of patterns or patterns of the first layer or two layers of leather. 　

7. Frosted skin: the surface of the leather is polished, and the scar or rough fibers of the grain are worn away to reveal the smooth and smooth texture of the leather fibers, and then dyed into various popular colors.

8, anti velvet skin: also called "Pi Pi", is the surface of the skin is ground into velvet, and then stained with a variety of popular colors into the first layer of skin. 　

9, laser skin: also known as laser skin, using laser technology to etch various leather patterns on leather surface. 　

Two, regenerated skin: after crushing all kinds of animal skins and leather waste, chemical raw materials are processed and made. Its surface processing technology is the same as leather surface and embossed leather. It is characterized by its neat edge, high utilization rate and low price. However, the skin is generally thicker and its strength is poor. It is only suitable for making the products of price, such as price document box, pull rod bag, club sleeve and so on. The structure of its longitudinal section is uniform and uniform, and the solidification effect of liquid mixed fiber can be identified. 　

Three, artificial leather: also known as imitation leather or rubber, is the general name of man-made materials such as PVC and PU. It is made on the basis of textile fabric or non-woven fabric, and is made by foaming or laminating of various formulations such as PVC and PU. It can be made according to the requirements of different strength, wearability, cold resistance, color, luster, pattern and pattern. It has many characteristics, such as a wide variety of colors, good waterproofing, neat edges, high utilization rate and relatively low price, but most of the artificial leather can not reach the dermis effect with its elasticity and elasticity. Its longitudinal section can see tiny bubble holes, cloth or surface film and dry dry man-made fibers. It is a very popular material from the early stage until now. It is widely used to produce various leather products or some of the genuine leather materials. Its increasingly advanced manufacturing process is being widely used in the manufacture of two layers of leather. Nowadays, the leather like leather with the characteristics of leather has been produced, and its surface technology is almost the same as that of domestic leather. 　

Three. Identification of artificial leather and natural leather.

With the development of social science and technology, the technology of artificial leather is becoming more and more mature, and the quality of products has been greatly improved. Especially in imitation leather, it can be fake and true. It is similar to natural leather in many aspects such as air permeability, flexibility, handle and appearance, but its price is far lower than that of natural leather. Therefore, in order to improve our discriminating ability, we introduce some simple and direct methods for reference. 　

1, visual identification method: first of all, we should distinguish from the leather pattern and pores. On the surface of the natural leather, we can see that the patterns and pores do exist, and the distribution is uneven. There are animal fibers on the reverse side, the layers are clearly discernible, and there are animal fibers on the lower surface. The leather fibers will be erected with the fingernail scraping test, and there will be a sense of fleece, and a small amount of fibers can also fall down. The synthetic leather can see fabrics on the reverse side, and there are no animal fibers on the side. Generally, the epidermis has no pores, but some of them have imitation leather artificial pores. There will be some obvious pores, some of them are not obvious, or there are regular artificial patterns, and the pores are quite consistent. 　

2. Hand identification: secondly, the leather feels elastic, bending the leather face downward.