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Changes In Appellation Of Ethnic Minorities In Taiwan

2009/9/30 18:07:00 36

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The Gaoshan ethnic group is a form of address to the Austronesian language group of Taiwan. It is one of the first group of 38 ethnic minorities identified by the first National People's Congress in 1954 according to the national identification policy, and is the general name of Taiwan's ethnic minorities.

The change of the appellation of ethnic minorities in Taiwan reflects the social status of ethnic minorities in history and the historical changes of Taiwan society.

There is not a unified self appellation in the history of Taiwan ethnic minorities. The appellation used in ancient Chinese historical documents is the same as that of the Central Plains Dynasty, namely "Yi" and "Fu".

From the historical experience, the biggest difference between Taiwan minority and the mainland minority is that they have been subjected to colonial enslavement for two times.

In 1624, the colonial forces in Holland established a stronghold in Anping, southern Taiwan (known as the "high-ranking"), opening up the history of the occupation and colonization of Taiwan.

In addition to predatory resources, the colonial power of Holland under the rule of Taiwan also imposed a colonial rule on ethnic minorities, such as force conquest, village assembly, demographic statistics, payment of tribute and recruitment, while the establishment of the missionary schools was a strong social educational measure to achieve these goals, and prompted ethnic minorities to be attached to colonial rule on the basis of religious conversion.

After the invasion of Taiwan by Japanese imperialists in 1895, the ethnic minorities in Taiwan were called "ethnic groups" and implemented the "Tibetan politics".

In 1923, Prince Hirohito of Japan (later emperor Zhao and emperor) visited Taiwan and changed the name of "fan" into "Gao Sha nationality".

The Japanese imperialist colonial powers' "policy" is a typical national oppression policy, such as besieging, killing, forcing obedience, repressing resistance, tribal migration, centralized governance, compulsory implementation of "Huang Min Hua" education, changing the name of the Japanese name, and even forming a "high sand volunteer army" in the Pacific War to go to Philippines to act as cannon fodder.

These experiences of imperialist colonial rule left unforgettable grief for the minority groups in Taiwan.

During the Japanese imperialist occupation of Taiwan, Japanese archaeology, ethnology, anthropology, linguistics and other subjects studied the Taiwan ethnic minorities in full swing with the establishment of the "field affairs investigation committee" in 1903. The investigation and study of the main service of colonial rule also classified the ethnic minorities of Taiwan from the academic sense.

These classifications of Japanese scholars, after 1970, were basically classified as "the nine mountains of the mountains" and "the ten families of Ping Po" by the study and identification of Taiwan scholars through anthropology, ethnology, linguistics, archaeology and religious studies, including the self addressing of all nationalities, including the Tai ya, the bun, Cao, Pai Wan, Pu Nan, AMI, Yami, Lu Kai, Sai Xia and other ethnic groups in the "nine mountains of the mountains". "The ten tribes of the Ping Po" are called "the ten tribes of the tribe", including the West LA, Ma Kal Road, Babu La, Ba Zehai, Dao KAS, Kai Da LAN, kamalan, Hongya, Shao, cat mist and so on.

After the Kuomintang government took over Taiwan in 1945, it once called Taiwan minority as "Gao Shan nationality". In 1947, it was renamed "mountain compatriots".

The following year, we reiterated the ban on the use of the "tribe" to eliminate the concept of Japanese colonial period.

However, the "Ping Po race" was not recognized as a Han nationality.

Although the "mountain cell" is regarded as a minority, the Kuomintang government's policy of "mountain cell" is still promoting Sinicization.

In 1945, the Kuomintang government issued the "method of restoring the original name of the people of Taiwan province". In the following year, the "method" was amended, and the "mountain cell" was fully restored or changed to the name of the Han nationality.

In 1952, the Taiwan authorities promulgated the "national language approach to mountain areas in all counties of Taiwan" for the purpose of promoting Sinicization.

In 1954, the Taiwan authorities confirmed that the names of the Chinese characters of the "mountain cell" were Tai ya, Sai Xia, bu Nong, Cao (later Zou), Lu Kai, Pai Wan, Bei Nan, AMI and Yami (now from the change to enlightenment), which is commonly known as the "nine mountains in the mountains".

Since then, the study of ethnic minorities in Taiwan has not only been specific to a certain ethnic group, but also has been used for a long time in the academia and the media, such as "mountain cell", "mountain people", "mountain people", "indigenous people" and "ethnic minorities".

The appellation of "aborigines" or "indigenous peoples" in Taiwan was the words that were replaced by the Taiwan minorities in the early 80s of last century, replacing the "Gaoshan", "Mountain Nationalities" and "mountain cells".

In 1983, the slogan of "residents' self-determination" put forward by the radical forces of the "non Party movement" in Taiwan in their political platform inspired the rising minority movement.

Who is the "resident" of Taiwan?

For those ethnic minorities who have been squeezed, oppressed, enslaved or assimilated, they consider themselves the earliest "residents" in Taiwan. Compared with those who live in the province, they are "aborigines".

Under the influence of the above two factors, Taiwan's ethnic minorities have found a "home of destination" in the international community's mechanism for the protection of the rights of indigenous people.

By the end of 1984, a political association of ethnic minorities, the "Taiwan indigenous people's Rights Promotion Association", was set up in Taiwan.

They believed that the name of "mountain cell" inherited the Japanese colonial rule pattern and negated their "ethnic symbolic symbols" and "national status". It reflected the assimilation policy of the chauvinism of the Han people, and ignored the existence of the "Ping Po race" to achieve the purpose of dividing the minority nationalities. In short, it was a discriminative and backward name.

The "proper name" movement of ethnic minorities in Taiwan is directly related to the rise of the "indigenous movement" worldwide.

Beginning in the early 80s of last century, the publication of Geographical Journals in western countries began publishing a special issue on "Indigenous Issues".

In 1982, the United Nations Economic and Social Council passed resolutions to authorize the Subcommittee on the prevention of discrimination and protection of minorities to establish an indigenous working group. It held a yearly meeting to discuss Indigenous Issues and their rights and interests worldwide.

The international community's concern about the issue of indigenous people, especially about the international spread of indigenous peoples' right to self-determination, the right to development, the right to use land and cultural heritage protection, has also had an impact on the ethnic minorities in Taiwan.

In 1984, ANTIPODE, the radical geography journal, issued the "Fourth World" special title, calling the world's "indigenous peoples" the "Fourth World".

The so-called "Fourth World" concept was proposed by George Manuel, leader of Canada's "indigenous movement" in 1974, in order to show that "indigenous people" are outside the "Three Worlds" division.

At the same time, the word "First Nations/Peoples" ("the first nation / people"), which is claimed by the people of the United States and Canada, has also become popular.

Usually, the plural form of First Nations/Peoples means that these aborigines contain many distinguishable clan or tribal groups.

The "first" (First) mentioned here is not an advantageous position in the sense of social stratification, but refers to the "original" and "first" meaning related to its land in history or in reality.

The ethnic minorities of Taiwan choose "Aboriginal people" collectively, mainly to express that they are the "beginning people" of Taiwan island.

On the basis of the "positive" movement, the ethnic minorities of Taiwan, based on the demands of the movement of the international community, put forward the political demands of "returning land", "carrying out autonomy", "restoring language and culture" and so on, which constitute the most ethnic "Pan ethnic movement" or "Pan Yuan nationalism" movement in the contemporary "ethnic politics" of Taiwan.