Commodity Quality

The importance of quality

Quality of Goods refers to the integration of the internal quality and external form of goods. The former includes physical properties and machinery of commodities.

Natural properties such as properties, chemical composition and biological properties, including the appearance, color, style, or pparency of the merchandise.

Under the circumstances, many countries try to improve the quality of commodities and strive to win by quality. As a major component of non price competition, they are an important means of strengthening non competitive competition. Therefore, in export trade, constantly improving and improving the quality of export commodities can not only enhance export competitiveness, expand sales, raise sales prices, create more foreign exchange earnings for the state and enterprises, but also enhance the reputation of export commodities in the international market, and reflect the level of science and technology and economic development of the exporting countries. In importing trade, the quality of imported commodities must be strictly controlled, so that the importation of commodities to meet the needs of domestic production and construction, scientific research and consumption is an important issue for safeguarding the interests of the state and the people and ensuring the economic benefits of enterprises. It is very important to improve the quality of commodities, because quality directly affects the use value and value of commodities. It is an important factor in determining the efficiency of commodity utilization and affecting commodity prices.

In order to make the quality of import and export products meet the needs of the domestic and foreign markets, we must strengthen the overall management of the quality in the production, pportation, storage and sale of export commodities. We should ensure the quality of the imported goods in order, pportation and acceptance.

Because of the wide variety of commodities in international trade, even in the same commodity, there may be differences in quality due to natural conditions, technological and technological level, and the use of raw materials.

This requires buyers and sellers to make clear stipulations on the quality terms first when they contract the contract.

The quality condition in a contract constitutes an important part of the commodity description and is the basis for the seller and the buyer to deliver the goods. The British goods trading act regards the quality conditions as the requirements of the contract (Condition) the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the international sale of goods stipulates that the seller's delivery must comply with the agreed quality. If the seller fails to meet the agreed quality conditions, the buyer has the right to claim damages, or to repair or deliver the goods, or even to reject the goods and cancel the contract, which further illustrates the importance of quality.

Two. Requirements for the quality of import and export commodities

(two) requirements for the quality of export commodities

In order to meet their needs, China's export commodities must meet with the vast number of users and consumers around the world. In order to meet their needs, we must carry out the principle of "set the market for production" and adhere to the principle of "quality first", and strive to improve the quality of export commodities to meet the following specific requirements:

1. determine the quality of export commodities according to the needs of different markets and consumers.

Due to the imbalance of economic development in the world, the production technology level, living habits, consumption structure, purchasing power and interests of all nationalities are different from each other. Therefore, we must proceed from the actual needs of foreign markets, do well in the combination of production and marketing, so as to adapt the quality, specifications, patterns and patterns of export commodities to the consumption level and consumption habits of the relevant market.

2. constantly upgrading and improving

Products with unstable quality or quality are not easy to export, so as not to ruin their reputation.

Even better quality commodities can not satisfy the current situation. We must constantly improve the spirit of excellence, improve the quality of export commodities, and speed up the upgrading of new products so as to catch up with and influence the consumption trend of the world and enhance the competitiveness of commodities in the international market.

3. adapt to the relevant regulations and requirements of the importing countries

All countries have certain statutory provisions and requirements for the quality of imported goods, and goods that are not in conformity with the provisions and requirements of the law are prohibited from importing, and some must be destroyed locally, and the owners will bear all the expenses incurred. Therefore, we must fully understand the statutes and management systems of importing commodities in various countries, so as to enable our commodities to enter the international market smoothly.

4. adapt to foreign natural conditions, seasonal changes and sales methods.

Because of the different natural conditions and seasonal changes in different countries and different sales methods, the quality of goods may change in the course of pportation, loading and unloading, storage and sale.

Therefore, paying attention to the natural conditions, seasonal changes and the differences in sales methods, mastering the changing rules of commodities in the circulation process, and making the quality of China's export commodities meet these different requirements are also conducive to enhancing the competitiveness of China's export commodities.

(two) requirements for the quality of imported goods

The quality of imported goods is directly related to the immediate interests of domestic users and consumers. Goods with quality and specifications that are not up to the requirements should not be imported, and goods that are urgently needed in domestic production, scientific research and people's lives must be sold at three times. The quality and specifications should be kept good, so that their quality and specifications should be no less than the actual needs of the country, so as not to affect the production and construction of the state and the consumption and use of the people.

However, it should not exceed the actual needs of the country, and raise the requirements for the quality and specifications of imported goods arbitrarily, so as to avoid unnecessary waste.

In short, the requirements for the quality of imported goods should be determined from the actual needs of our country at the present stage.

Three. Quality in kind.

In real terms, the quality is expressed in two ways, namely, the Actual Quality and the sample (Sample). The former refers to the sale of goods, the latter means sales by sample.

1. look at the sale of goods

When the seller and the buyer use the goods to see the paction, the buyer or agent usually checks the goods at the place where the seller holds the goods. Once the paction is concluded, the seller should deliver the goods according to the other party's inspection. As long as the seller delivers the goods that have been inspected, the buyer can not raise objections to the quality.

In international trade, because the two sides of the paction are far away from the two places, the negotiation of the business is mostly carried out by means of correspondence and telegram. The buyer has to inspect the goods at the seller's location to see the inconvenience of the goods. Even if the seller is in stock, the buyer will inspect the goods on behalf of the agent. However, when the goods are not inspected, they can not be inspected one by one. Therefore, the practice of using the goods to see the goods is limited. This practice is mostly used in consignment, auction and sale.

2. sale by sample

Samples are usually extracted from a batch of products or produced by the Department of design, and processed to reflect and represent a small quantity of the quality of the whole batch of products. If the quality of the sample is represented by the sample and is used as the basis for delivery, it is called "Sale by Sample".

In international trade, according to the difference of sample providers, it can be divided into the following categories:

(1) seller's sample (Seller 1; s Sample)

The sample supplied by the seller is known as the seller's sample. The seller's sample is regarded as the seller's sample sale under the circumstances of the seller's sample as the basis of the quality of the shipment. In this case, the sales contract shall specify: "the quality is based on the seller's sample" (Quality as per seller 1, s sample).

In the future, the quality of the goods delivered by the seller (Buld) must be the same as those supplied.

(2) buyer's sample (Buyer 1; s Sample)

The buyer, in order to make the goods ordered according to his own requirements, sometimes provides samples to the seller for the same purpose. If the Seller agrees to make a paction according to the sample supplied by the buyer, it is called "buying and selling on the basis of buyer's sample". On this occasion, the sales contract shall specify: "the quality is based on the buyer's sample (Qulity as buyer s 1; s sample).

In the future, the quality of the goods delivered by the seller must be in conformity with the buyer's sample.

(3) peer samples (Counter Sample)

In international trade, prudent sellers are often reluctant to undertake pactions on buyer's sample, so as not to cause the buyer to claim damages or even return the goods because of the discrepancy between the quality of the shipment and the buyer's samples. In this case, the seller can produce a similar sample to the buyer's confirmation according to the samples supplied by the buyer. This confirmed sample is called the "equivalent sample" or "return sample". It is also known as the "confirmation sample" (Confirming Sample). When the equivalent sample is confirmed by the buyer, the quality of the goods delivered by the seller in future must be based on the equivalent sample.

In addition, buyers and sellers often use the method of sending samples to each other in order to develop trade relations and enhance their understanding of each other's goods. The samples sent for the purpose of introducing goods are best labeled "for reference only", so as not to be confused with standard samples.

(two) presentation of quality by description

By describing quality, it means to describe the quality of the commodity in the form of words, charts, photographs and so on.

1. sale by specification (Sale by Specification)

Commodity specification (Specification) refers to some main indicators that are sufficient to reflect the quality of commodities, such as chemical composition, purity, performance, capacity, length and thickness. In international trade, when the buyer and the seller negotiate pactions, specific specifications should be provided to explain the basic quality of the commodity for the commodities that are suitable for the specification and sale, and stipulated in the contract that when the specifications are bought and sold, the index of the quality of the commodity varies according to the commodity. Even if the same commodity is used, the requirements of the specifications are different because of the different uses, because the method of expressing the quality is clear, specific and simple, so it is widely used in international trade.

2. Sale by Grade

Grade Goods refers to the same category of commodities, according to the difference in specifications, divided into different grades of quality.

When buying and selling grades, because different grades of commodities have different specifications, in order to facilitate the performance of contracts and avoid disputes, it is better to specify the specific specifications of each grade at the same time in terms of quality clauses.

This way of expressing quality will play a certain role in simplifying formalities, promoting pactions and embodying quality and price.

3. Sale by Standard

The standard of commodities refers to the standardization of the specifications and grades of commodities. The standards of commodities are prescribed by the state or competent government departments, and are also regulated by trade associations, exchanges or international industrial and commercial organizations. Some commodities are used to standard pactions. People often use some standard as the basis for explaining and evaluating the quality of commodities.

Some of the standards adopted in international trade are legally binding, and goods which are not up to standard requirements are not allowed to be imported or exported.

But there are also some standards which are not legally binding, and are only for reference by both parties. When they negotiate business, they may separately agree on specific requirements for quality.

In international trade, for some agricultural and sideline products with large quality changes and difficult to stipulate uniform standards, the term "Fair Average Quality" (FAQ) is often used to express its quality. The so-called "good average quality" refers to the average quality level of the exported goods within a certain period of time. Generally speaking, it refers to the medium goods. In the actual business of our country, FAQ is used to explain the quality. Generally speaking, when the road goods are marked, the specific specifications are usually specified as the basis of quality.

4. Sale by Descriptions.

在國際貿易中，有些機器，電器，和儀表等技術密集型產品．因結構復雜，對材料和設計的要求嚴格，用以說明性能的數據較多，很難用幾個簡單的指標來表明品質的全貌，而且有些產品，即使其名稱相同，但由于所使用的材料，設計和制造技術的某些差別，也可能導致功能上的差異．因此，對這類商品的品質，通常以說明書并附以圖樣，照片，設計圖紙，分析表及各種數據來說明具體性能和結構特點．按此方式進行交易，稱為，憑說明書和圖樣買賣．按這種表示品質的方法成交，賣方所交貨物必須符合說明書和圖樣的要求，但由于對這類產品的技術要求較高．有時同說明書和圖樣相符的產品，在使用時不一定能發揮設計所要求的性能，買方為了維護自身的利益，往往要求在買賣合同中加訂賣方品質保證條款和技術服務條款．

5. trademark or brand

Business

Trade Mard is a symbol used by a producer or trade name to identify the goods produced or sold. It can be made up of one or several characteristic words, letters, numbers, graphs or pictures.

(Brand Name) refers to the name of a business enterprise that is made or sold, so as to distinguish it from other similar products of other enterprises.

It can be used for a product or for all products of an enterprise.

At present, many brands of goods sold in the international market, especially consumer goods, processed foods, durable consumer goods and so on, are marked with trademarks or brands.

The products of different brands have different characteristics. Some famous brands in the world are famous for their excellent quality, stability and characteristics. They can display the social status of consumers. Therefore, the price is much higher than that of other similar products. This phenomenon, especially in the high level of consumption, is particularly prominent in the so-called "Sophisticated Market" which is strict in quality. Some famous brand manufacturers have strict quality control for products in order to maintain the reputation of trademarks, so as to ensure that the quality of their products reaches a certain standard, therefore, trademarks or brands.

In fact, they are a symbol of quality. People can only rely on trademarks or brands in pactions.

Buying and selling does not require detailed requirements for quality.

But if a brand

There are many different types or specifications of the products. In order to be clear, they must be stipulated in the brand.

At the same time, specify the type or specification.

6. sale by name of origin

In the international sale of goods, some products, because of the natural conditions of the production area, traditional processing technology and other factors, have unique characteristics and characteristics which are not possessed by other products in other producing areas. For such products, the names of origin can not be used to express the quality.

The above methods of expressing quality are usually used alone, but sometimes they can be mixed together as appropriate.

Four, the quality clause.

The content and complexity of the quality clause should be determined according to the characteristics of the commodity, and the quality clause should be stipulated.

(1) a certain quality maneuver range can be specified for certain commodities.

In international trade, in order to avoid a breach of contract due to a slight discrepancy between the quality of delivery and the contract of sale, in order to ensure the smooth performance of the contract, some adaptations may be made in the quality clause of the contract.

1. the quality of delivery is roughly equal to that of the sample or other similar terms.

2. quality tolerance (Quality Tolerance)

Tolerance refers to the internationally recognized error in product quality. For the sake of clarity, a certain range of tolerance should be specified in the contract quality clause.

3. quality maneuver range

(1) the range of quality maneuver has the following two methods:

1. stipulates a certain range. That is to say, there is a certain range of difference in the specification of quality indicators.

2. limit a certain limit. It means the maximum and the maximum, the maximum, the maximum, the minimum and the minimum. The seller will not have the right to reject the seller as long as the seller fails to exceed the specified limit.

(2) in order to reflect the price according to the quality, when using the quality maneuvering range, some goods can also adjust the price according to the delivery conditions, that is, the so-called quality increase or decrease price, that is, the quality difference within the agreed motor range.

(two) correctly use various methods to express quality.

The contents of the quality clause must be related to the way to express the quality, and the way to express the quality should be decided by the commodity. Generally speaking, any commodity that can explain the quality with scientific indicators is suitable for specifications, grades or standards. Some commodities that are difficult to standardize and standardize, such as handicrafts, are suitable for sale by sample. Some complex machines, electrical appliances and meters are suitable for sale and purchase according to specifications and drawings. Products with local flavor and characteristics can be bought and sold according to their place of origin. These methods of expressing quality can not be arbitrarily abused, but should be reasonably chosen.

(three) quality conditions must be scientific and reasonable.

1., we must proceed from the reality of production and marketing to prevent high or low quality conditions.

2., it is necessary to reasonably stipulate all important indicators that affect quality, and are not suitable for some conditions which are not important to quality.

3. the quality conditions should be clear and specific. It is not appropriate to use general vague terms such as "approximate", "left and right" and "reasonable error", so as to avoid disputes over the quality of delivery.