China'S Footwear And Other Manufacturing Industries Should Pay Attention To The Formulation Of International Standards.

Chen Jiagui, vice chairman of the National People's Congress and vice president of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, held in Beijing in December 8, 2007 on the 2007 China Manufacturing Forum. The forum invited scholars and entrepreneurs from China and Japan's industrial and economic circles to conduct in-depth analysis of Sino Japanese industrial policies, analyze the successful experience of the internationalization of Japanese manufacturing industry, and work together to find countermeasures for the struggling Chinese manufacturing industry and create a favorable environment for development.

Sohu finance, as the co sponsored media of this forum, sent the following wonderful reports from the scene: Chen Jiagui: distinguished Chairman Jiang, distinguished guests, good morning, everyone!

Today, I will talk about how to improve the quality and level of internationalization of China's manufacturing industry.

First, the internationalization of China's manufacturing industry has made considerable progress.

With the deepening of economic globalization and the deepening of China's reform and opening up, China has become a big country in foreign trade. In 1980, our total import and export volume was only around 57 billion RMB, when trade dependency was 12.6%.

In 2004, China's total import and export volume reached 955 billion 500 million yuan, trade dependency reached 70%, and total import and export volume ranked third in the world, only after the United States and Germany.

In 2006, China's total import and export volume reached US $1 trillion and 760 billion, further consolidating the status of a trading power.

Just now, vice chairman Jiang Zhenghua also said that our gross national product may exceed 24 trillion yuan this year, and the total import and export volume may exceed US $two trillion. In the past year or two, it may overtake Germany as the second largest trading country.

With the expansion of trade scale, trade structure has undergone tremendous changes and competitiveness has been constantly improving.

The internationalization of manufacturing industry has made great progress. From the point of view of product exports, first of all, the export of manufactured goods has taken up a large proportion. In 1980, China's exports accounted for 50% of total exports, and the exports of manufactured products were equivalent to 50%. By 2000, the proportion of manufactured goods rose to over 90%, and the proportion of primary products decreased to 10%.

By 2006, exports of manufactured goods accounted for 49.5% of total exports, and corresponding primary products exports fell to below 6%.

Secondly, the proportion of exports of electromechanical products increased in industrial manufactured goods. In 1995, the export of mechanical and electrical products accounted for 34.5%, 47.1% in 2000 and 56.7% in 2006.

The proportion of high-tech products in industrial manufactured goods is increasing gradually, only 6% in 1995, 22.2% in 2002, and nearly 30% in 2006.

1, the international competitiveness of products is also gradually improving. Since 1994, the trade competitiveness index of China's manufactured goods has been positive, about 0.1.

On the contrary, the export competitiveness index of primary products has been declining, that is, primary products are not competitive.

The international market share of China's manufactured goods is also gradually improving. In the world's ranking, Japan surpassed Japan and the United States in 2004, becoming the third largest manufactured goods economy in the world, occupying 8.3%, which is 81% of the United States and 104% of Japan.

From 2003 to 2004, market share increased by 36% and 37% respectively.

2, from the perspective of foreign direct investment, since 2002, the Chinese government has continuously improved its overseas investment policy and service system, continued to push forward the process of foreign investment, encouraged and supported the diversified ownership enterprises with comparative advantages to go abroad, and entered into a period of rapid growth in foreign investment.

At the end of 2002, China's pnational investment and domestic enterprises have developed to more than 30000, and foreign investment has attracted more than 160 countries in the world. China's foreign investment has developed from simple ways, such as construction sites and start-up windows, to investment development, acquisition and merger, equity replacement, overseas listing and establishment of strategic cooperation alliances.

At the end of 2006, China's foreign enterprise investment stock was US $75 billion, which is 3.3 times the end of 2002.

From 2002 to 2006, foreign investment flows were US $2 billion 700 million, US $2 billion 900 million and US $5 billion 200 million, US $12 billion 300 million and US $16 billion 700 million respectively.

The outward direct investment volume in 2006 was 6.5 times that of 2002, that is to say, foreign investment also entered a period of rapid growth.

3, from the perspective of attracting foreign investment, great achievements have been made in utilizing foreign direct investment.

From 2003 to 2006, China's computer and other electronic equipment manufacturing industry used foreign direct investment totaling 29 billion 300 million US dollars, of which 2006 was US $8 billion 200 million, an increase of 5.9% over the previous two years. At present, the world's major IT manufacturing enterprises have set up factories in China. Some of them have also set up R & D centers in China, which has promoted the technological progress of China's electronic equipment manufacturing industry and has increased the international competitiveness of China's products.

Two, we should pay more attention to the main issues of improving the international level of manufacturing industry.

When discussing the international competitiveness, some scholars have said that it is now a class of countries to set standards. The two category of countries depends on the technology of selling, and the three category of countries depends on the sale of products. This view is a bit extreme.

But the three problem should be said to be a major problem in the manufacturing sector.

1, pay attention to the formulation of standards.

Our country now has enterprise standards, industry standards, local standards and national standards, but products need to go abroad is far from enough. We must abide by international standards and advanced foreign standards, adopt international standards, standards established by other organizations recognized by the International Standardization Committee, and strengthen the adoption of international standards is an important technical and economic policy in China. In order to form technological progress, improve product quality, expand opening up, speed up the integration with international practice and develop socialist market economy, China has made some progress in this regard.

China has introduced more than 19000 national standards. This is the 2001 figure. There are more than eight thousand international standards and advanced foreign standards, and the standard is about 43%.

The international standardization organization ICO and the International Electric Committee IEC have more than sixteen thousand existing standards, and more than six thousand have been converted to China's national standards, with a conversion rate of 83%. Obviously, there is still a big gap between China's standardization level and international level.

We can not abide by international standards passively. We should strive for the establishment of international standards of legal rights and initiatives. Only in this way can we enhance the recognition of our products internationally.

2, pay attention to independent innovation and develop core technology.

Since reform and opening up, a number of successful enterprises have emerged in China. Some of them have occupied the international market through the commercialization of original innovation products, and some have built up their own brands through the introduction, digestion, absorption and innovation to occupy the market.

But on the whole, the independent innovation ability of Chinese enterprises is not strong enough. Most of the R & D centers of the enterprises are relatively inefficient, and the organizational mechanism of innovation is not perfect.

According to the statistics of National Bureau of statistics, the proportion of research and development funds in China's large and medium-sized enterprises accounts for only 2.6% of the industrial added value, while the United States is 8.3%, which is still the figure in 1998.

The figure for 2000 is 7.4%, and Japan is 8.6%.

Our R & D expenditure only accounts for 1/3 of the developed countries. Among the 28567 large and medium-sized enterprises, only 24% of the R & D institutions are available. The data released by the state intellectual property rights show that up to now, only 3/1000 of the enterprises own independent intellectual property rights in China. At present, only 1.1% of the enterprises in China have authorized patents, and only 0.17% of them have legal patent rights.

Half of this year's 130 thousand invention patents are from multinational corporations abroad. It can be said that in the international arena, Chinese enterprises have a large gap with developed countries in both international innovation input and new products.

Therefore, it is an important and urgent task for us to enhance the capability of independent innovation and establish the position of technological innovation of enterprises.

In recent years, the Chinese government has promoted independent innovation to the height of the national strategy. It is planned that by 2020, the proportion of IT input to GDP will increase from 1.35% to 2.5%, and the contribution rate of scientific and technological progress to GDP will increase from 39% to 60%.

The number of patent holders in China has risen from twentieth in the world to fifth.

3, strive to increase products with high quality and high added value.

Our products are competitive, but at the same time we have to see a serious challenge.

Just now, vice chairman Jiang Zhenghua also analyzed that the competitiveness of our products is not strong. From the present point of view, there are three major problems.

One is based on low level processing of resources. China's oil, natural gas and coal resources are only 1%, rare earth ore 2%, gold ore 4%, while foreign oil, natural gas and mineral resources production standards are generally 10% to 16%. At the end of 2005, the crude oil price in the international market reaches 420 dollars per ton. China only charges four dollars, which can be said to be the free use of resources, contributing to the excessive development of high energy consumption and high polluting industries, exacerbating the deterioration of the industrial structure, and wasting energy.

According to research, in 2000, according to the current rate, the energy consumption per ton of 10000 yuan gross domestic product is 1274 times the standard coal in China, 2.4 times higher than the world average level, and 2.5 times, 4.9 times, 8.7 times and 13 times higher than that of the United States, Europe, Japan and India respectively.

Second, by the low wages of laborers, the wages of Chinese manufacturing workers are only 3% of that of developed countries. The total wages of workers in the whole country increased by 9.15% from 1996 to 2006, and the growth of enterprise profits in the same year was 28.62%, and the wages of migrant workers increased even more slowly.

Third, sacrifice the environment.

China's export products are mainly provided by foreign-funded enterprises, and the products with the nature of processing trade are more important.

In 2006, China's mechanical and electrical industry processing trade products accounted for more than 50% of the total export products, of which processing trade accounted for a higher share of the machinery industry products.

The export power of China's machinery industry is strong, but if we eliminate foreign investment, it will be different.

Three, the added value of the product is low, and the products with high added value are lacking.

In the absence of world famous brands, Chinese enterprises still take advantage of low price competition and low cost scale expansion. The profits from the brand are very few. Although China's manufacturing industry accounts for 70% of the world's output, footwear products account for 50% of the world's total output, color TV accounts for 45% of the world's total output, air conditioners account for 30% of the world's total output, and textile and garment trade accounts for 24% of the world's total, with nearly two hundred products ranking first in the world.

However, there are still few brands with international competitiveness. At present, domestic export enterprises own less than 20 of their trademarks, and their own brands are lagging behind. The value created by US brands accounts for 60% of GDP, while less than 20% of China's brands.

Four, pay attention to human capital and improve the quality of laborers.

Human capital plays an important role in improving the efficiency and competitiveness of enterprises. In the 70 years from 1891 to 1959, the material resources of the United States increased by 4.5 times, and the investment in education and training for laborers increased by 8.5 times. The former increased profits by 3.5 times, and the latter increased profits by 17.5 times.

According to a research data from Japan, workers' educational level increases by one grade, new technology innovation profits increase by 6%, while technological innovation can reduce costs by 5%, technicians can reduce costs by 10% to 15%, and well-trained and trained managers create and promote advanced management techniques, which can reduce costs by more than 30%.

The engineering efficiency of technical reeducation can be increased by 40% to 70%.

Coehlo Maria Malouf and Woods Nova, an economist in the former Soviet Union, also pointed out in an article in 1981 that the former Soviet Union increased 50% of the total number of employees from 1960 to 1978, and the labor productivity increased 1.5 times.

In other words, from 1960 to 1978, the education level of laborers increased by 10% and labor productivity increased by 1.4 times.

From 1961 to 1975, 80% of the former Soviet Union's national income increased by labor productivity, 37% of which was obtained by the education and skill level of laborers.

Research institutes in China have also conducted surveys. The survey shows that workers with junior high school education in the production quota are 26% higher than those with primary school education. Workers with higher education are 20% to 30% more productive than those with only junior high school education level. Workers who only have junior high school education are three years old. Workers with high school and technical secondary school culture can go out in a year. Workers with a college education level can not get out of the work in one year, and the time is shortened by 2/3.

Both theory and practice have proved that upgrading human quality is the basis for improving productivity and production efficiency. The formation of human capital depends not only on formal academic education, but also on the re education of enterprises, becoming a powerful nation in manufacturing industry and enhancing the overall competitiveness of the world.