Promoting The Development Of Shoe Leather Enterprises With Reference To Italy'S Industrial Cluster Mode

Italy's industrial cluster mode has been regarded as a successful example of promoting local economy and promoting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and has been praised internationally.

Due to historical reasons, Italy's industrial structure is different from that of most developed countries: small and medium enterprises are the main components of enterprises, and production industries are mainly concentrated in textile, leather, machinery, food and other traditional fields.

However, driven by these small and medium-sized enterprises and traditional light industry, Italy's economy has achieved rapid development in the past 30 years. Whether it's per capita output or external exports, it has surpassed many other developed countries and has jumped into the world's top seven.

This has led to many people's thinking: why Italy's development path will be different from other developed countries?

Why can the industrial structure without advantages be miraculous in Italy?

What makes these small and medium enterprises engaged in specialized production in the traditional industries with low technological innovation demand burst out great vitality and achieve such remarkable achievements?

The answer lies in the fact that SMEs in Italy are not isolated. They often join in a huge production network (industrial cluster), and use a combination of enterprises with their peers, the location of enterprises themselves in the production network, and the ability of enterprises to influence and change the purchasing requirements of consumers, so as to gain certain industry manipulation power, and manipulate them to cope with the possible changes in the market and improve their viability.

What are the advantages of the industrial cluster production mode, known as "the mother of Italy's small and medium-sized enterprises"?

Can we make use of it to promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in China and to promote economic development in urban and rural areas, especially in remote towns?

This article will analyze the characteristics and advantages of Italy's industrial cluster mode, and discuss its significance for the development of SMEs in China.

First, Italy's industrial cluster mode in Italy, the industrial cluster production mode takes the Industrial Park as the form of expression, and there are many versions of its description, but the basic elements are as follows: 1. In the same production process, the specialization of a single enterprise is combined with the division and cooperation of enterprises; 2, having a valuable and standardized cultural environment, having the convenience of information circulation and the connection with the surrounding areas; and 3, the establishment of a top-down Internet can make the small enterprises in the region not restricted by scale and enter a broader domestic and international market.

In 1991, the Italy government promulgated the 317/91 code, and for the first time strictly stipulated the industrial park in law.

According to the description of industrial parks in the regulations, industrial parks mean that a large number of independent small professional enterprises are concentrated in one area and establish a unified industrial chain in the area. Enterprises are responsible for different production links in the industrial chain, and the culture, history and characteristics of the region can be used as common corporate identities.

In April 1993, the Ministry of industry of Italy made specific provisions on the criteria for the classification of industrial parks.

Two, the formation process of Italy's industrial clusters in the 60-70 century, influenced by a series of factors, such as the rise of agricultural resources and mineral resources, oil crisis and so on, the world economy is facing a directional choice.

Some large enterprises begin to restructure their own organizational structure, and adjust the overall relationship between enterprises and enterprises from a strategic height.

They focus their energy on the core business of the enterprise, and the other production links that provide services and support to the core businesses are allocated to the next level suppliers, namely small and medium-sized enterprises, to reduce the high cost caused by the traditional vertical centralized management mode.

The modern industry based on the new standard has also come into being: the new diffusion type production has replaced the original scale production; specialized production has replaced the comprehensive production; the division and cooperation among enterprises has replaced the original centralized production.

The pformation from the regulatory model to the unregulated model has brought the advantages of small enterprises to a large extent. They have formed the industrial clusters (small and medium-sized enterprise system) to compete with large industrial enterprises.

Three, the general situation of Italy industrial clusters. The industrial cluster production mode plays an important role in modern industry in Italy.

According to the statistics of Italy National Bureau of statistics, there are 156 industrial clusters in Italy, 12 million 500 thousand living people, 21.5 manufacturing enterprises in the cluster, 40% of the manufacturing enterprises in the country, 2 million people in manufacturing industry, accounting for 39.3% of the whole country.

Output value accounts for 27.2% of the gross domestic product, of which industrial output accounts for 37.7% of the total output value of the country, and the output value of the service industry accounts for 23% of the total output value of the country.

Manufacturing exports accounted for 44% of the country's similar exports, of which textile and garment, leather shoes, non-metallic mineral processing products, wood and wood products and machinery and equipment accounted for more than 50% of the country's exports of similar products.

(1) the main sector of Italy's industrial clusters. Italy's industrial clusters are mostly concentrated in the traditional light industry.

(two) the main mode of operation of Italy's industrial clusters. The main modes of operation of Italy's industrial clusters can be divided into the following four types: 1, the "big factory" mode. This mode takes a medium-sized enterprise specialized in designing, ordering and marketing as the leader. Several other small and medium-sized enterprises participate in the production process of their products, and are responsible for the production of different processes or parts, thus forming a relatively stable cooperative relationship, just like an invisible big factory.

Whether an enterprise can become a leader is not based on its size, but mainly depends on whether it has design skills and marketing skills.

There are hundreds of such large factories in the Prado textile and garment industrial area 2. The satellite cluster mode usually takes a medium-sized enterprise as the core, and many small businesses supply parts or components for them.

Most of the industrial areas such as shoes, hats, glasses and musical instrument manufacturing belong to this mode. Hundreds of large and stable enterprises have gathered thousands of small businesses to produce them.

3, centralized sales mode in this mode, each small enterprise in accordance with the unified specifications and technical requirements, independent production, and by the same inspection agency for inspection.

After examination, the unified trademark shall be used, and the sales organization shall carry out unified sales.

Such as Asti sparkling wine industrial area.

4. Small enterprises with high interdependence among small business groups form enterprise groups by participating in shares and concentrate certain functions (Finance and trade) of enterprises in order to expand their scale so that they can play a greater role as big enterprises.

This model was developed mainly in 1990s, especially in the professional area of machinery industry.

At present, about 16% of the small and medium-sized enterprises in Italy constitute enterprise groups, which account for over 30% of the high-tech sector.

Each group consists of 12 enterprises on average, and the average number of employees per enterprise group is about 1500.

To some extent, the development of enterprise groups has made up for the fragmented weakness of Italy's industrial system.

Four, the advantages and characteristics of the industrial cluster mode. (1) specialization of production process helps enterprises to reduce production costs. In comparison with enterprises in industrial clusters and non industrial clusters, the Central Bank of Italy finds that, in the same technological conditions, enterprises in industrial clusters can split the production process after splitting the production process, and through the division and cooperation of each other, they can complete production in equal quantities below the production cost of enterprises in the non industrial cluster (the whole production process alone).

This is because: 1, most of the enterprises in the industrial cluster are specialized in the intermediate production, thus greatly saving the conventional costs such as inventory and trade. 2, professional expertise has become a hidden intangible capital in the professional industrial cluster, so the employment of highly skilled and highly efficient workers in the cluster will not increase the labor cost.

(two) a good environment for competition and cooperation is created for enterprises. Production networks in industrial clusters usually consist of vertical and horizontal production chains, and enterprises in different locations have close or competitive or cooperative relationships.

For enterprises that mainly focus on cooperation and cooperation, a stable supply and demand relationship will reduce business costs and reduce business risks.

Corporate reputation based on mutual understanding and good interpersonal relationship will also become social capital, which will reduce the cost of operation and coordination of production.

For enterprises based on competitive relations, the common market forces companies to continuously improve their production technology and product individuality.

In Italy, even the same products produced by the same technology have different appearance.

With the upgrading of technology and diversification of products, Italy special-purpose spare parts products enjoy a high reputation in the international market and take a great proportion of their exports.

(three) regional concentration is easy for enterprises to strengthen communication and cooperation, and highly concentrated enterprises in industrial clusters can help enterprises in the region to enhance their experience exchange, form consensus and promote technological innovation, speed up the speed of information circulation, and improve the accuracy of market forecasts.

Taking SantaCroce, a famous tannery Industrial Park in Italy as an example, the environmental pollution caused by harmful substances discharged during leather making is a common problem faced by enterprises in the industrial cluster.

In order to solve this problem, enterprises in the cluster are co ordinate and invest jointly with local industry associations, and jointly set up research centers with local University of Pisa to specialize in emission reduction.

In 2006, the proportion of harmful gas emissions in the cluster dropped to 2% in the air, far below the world average of 30%.

Now the enterprises in the cluster export to the world not only their leather products, but also their advanced production technology.

(four) integrated management and service centralization of similar products manufacturing enterprises also enable government departments to design industrial policies and management measures according to local conditions, carry out infrastructure construction, and establish professional service networks.

Such as facilitating pportation, setting up machinery manufacturing and maintenance points, building unified sewage and garbage disposal systems, establishing vocational schools, providing industry insurance, granting preferential loans, developing commercial and intermediate trade, supplying raw materials, holding professional exhibitions, and developing professional software.

Enterprises in the industrial area can also enjoy more targeted preferential policies.

Five, Italy's industrial cluster production mode is a reference for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in China. SMEs are the main body of China's economic development. How to promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises that account for 99% of our enterprises will be the key to maintain the healthy and stable development of our economy.

After years of development, Italy's industrial cluster production mode has been recognized as a production mode that can give full play to the advantages and characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises and promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.

Its operation concept and development experience have certain enlightenment and reference significance for our country to build a scientific and reasonable industrial structure system and promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprise groups. At present, there are many industrial parks in China, but in addition to the spontaneous formation of industrial clusters in a few areas, most industrial parks and Italy's industrial cluster production mode are quite different.

Most of the industrial parks in China do not have their own industrial foundation and advantageous industries. The main purpose is to increase local fiscal revenue, expand exports and increase employment.

From the actual effect, this mode has indeed promoted the rapid development of local economy in a certain period.

However, we also note that this mode of attracting foreign investment has many shortcomings in promoting the economic development of the backward inland areas, promoting the overall upgrading of China's industrial sector and promoting the sustainable development of local SMEs.

With the continuous development of China's economic development, we can learn from the excellent production mode of Italy to find out the way of development for China's small and medium-sized enterprises: (1) combining the industrial foundation of local small and medium-sized enterprises to establish industrial cluster &nb