Most Of The Small And Medium Enterprises: No Machine Turnover Is Relatively Stable.

When East In some enterprises, the phenomenon of machine substitutions is heating up. When the machine improves labor productivity by tens of times, there are concerns about whether the era of "machine substitutions" has arrived, and will it cause a large number of migrant workers to lose their jobs?

In fact, the "technology dividend" instead of the "demographic dividend" is a long-term process. For a populous country like ours, the total number of rural labor force is the first in the world. We are concerned about the phenomenon of machine substitution, and we should pay more attention to the problem of migrant workers in transformation. The trend of migrant workers is changing. How to adapt themselves to industrial upgrading and how to let them bid farewell to "migratory bird style" life and integrate into the city is a new topic for both the East and the Midwest. This reporter went deep into the Pearl River Delta area and the output place of migrant workers in Sichuan.

Summary:

Some industry Machine substitution replaced part of labor, forcing industrial transformation and adjusting employment structure.

A large number of small and micro enterprises do not have machine substitutions, play the role of "reservoir" in employment.

The technology dividend instead of the demographic dividend is a long-term process. The key is to solve the problem of migrant workers in the transformation period.

　 1. Mao Zhen's "machine revolution"

A computer loom can replace 8 workers, and the entire number of CNC looms exceeds 40 thousand units.

Zhou Lifang, a textile worker in Dongguan, Guangdong, feels that the number of numerical control looms is very strong: "10 sweaters can be weaved in half an hour, which is equivalent to the workload of the past 5 days." Zhou Lifang

After working in the woollen garment factory for 10 years, Zhou Lifang is no longer the ordinary worker on the handloom. Since 2008, computer looms have been developed. This Hunan sister is very quick eyed. Now a person can see 8 machines.

Li Yunlai, director of the woollen garment factory, said that at present, the wages of skilled workers in the textile industry are generally around 3000 yuan, while a computer loom can save nearly 30 workers, and the labor cost can be reduced by 1/6 1/8. Domestic looms are 100 thousand to 130 thousand yuan per unit, and the investment can be quickly recovered.

Li Yunlai said that machine replacement not only brings labor efficiency. "Now the social security pressure is low, the product defective rate is low, the quality is more secure, in the past never looked for our high-end brand orders can be received."

With the gradual disappearance of the demographic dividend, artificial and machine formulas are reversing. In Ying Qi Industrial Co., Ltd., there are almost no workers in the huge workshop. The head of the company said that in the past, there were more than 400 workers in the hand loom department, and now the handloom is completely eliminated. He gave the reporter an account: "the efficiency of a computer loom is 2.5 times that of a hand loom, and the company has 1000 computer looms, which can invite less than 4000 people. Only one piece of weaving process saves 80% labor cost."

For Zhou Lifang, the work is much easier now. "Formerly manual pulling machine, often will clip to the finger, now as long as the finger pushs down the key, the machine can operate according to the program." As a skilled worker, her monthly salary rose to more than 3500 yuan.

According to statistics, by the end of 2013, the total number of CNC looms in Dalang town had exceeded 40 thousand units. According to a numerical control loom instead of 8 workers, the about 300000 industry workers could be used less.

The story of Dalang takes place in every town street in Dongguan. A few days ago, the Dongguan Municipal Bureau of letters and other departments of 441 enterprises found that nearly 5 years invested in funds to carry out machine replacement enterprises accounted for 66%.

　 2. is the machine replacement era coming?

A large number of small and medium-sized enterprises do not have machine replacement, and the total amount of employment remains relatively stable.

Where does a large number of migrant workers go?

The experts said that the replacement of machines brought about the structural adjustment of employment: the demand for ordinary workers was relatively reduced, and the demand for skilled workers increased rapidly.

Data from Dongguan's labor department show that over the years the total amount of employment in the city has remained relatively stable. Last year, 3.2 000 employees signed more than one year's labor contracts reached 3 million 630 thousand, an increase of 4.76% over the same period last year.

The person in charge of the Dongguan Municipal Bureau of letters said frankly that the replacement of machines is not related to all enterprises and all processes. There are many links that can not be done by machines. Dongguan also has a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises, they are the "reservoir" of employment, for these enterprises, machine replacement is still very far away.

Ying Qi's replacement of industrial machinery has another account, which is a great investment in equipment renewal. At present, the company's computer looms are mainly imported from Germany and Japan, with an average price of about 350 thousand yuan per unit, and 1000 computer looms on line. Investment is just a few hundred million, and new computer programmers will be added. According to the current market, monthly wages will be around 5000 yuan. These inputs make many small and micro enterprises feel helpless.

Nancheng a small electronic business owner said: "now the production is still more dependent on labor, rather than want to introduce automation, but the cost is too high, a workshop matching nearly million, do not have the strength of enterprises do not want to think."

The impact of external demand reduction and cost rise on the industry can not be avoided. Prof. Mo Da, Dongguan University of Technology, is more willing to replace machines and larger enterprises, while small and medium-sized enterprises are more hesitant. First, they invest more. Two, the order is unstable. The cost of machine replacement may take 3 to 5 years. They worry that once they are put into operation, they will not be able to switch production if they are short of orders and idle capacity.

It can not be ignored that some small and medium-sized enterprises are moving away from developed areas. Feng Bangyan, a professor at Jinan University, said that with the end of the cheap labor era, the eastern enterprises will either upgrade or relocate, otherwise they will have to wait for elimination. For migrant workers, the impact of industrial transfer is more real.

　 3. migrant workers return home to increase employment

More and more people are optimistic about employment at home, and the growth of employment in western provinces is accelerating.

In May of this year, Lin Defu, Qingquan village, Guangyuan, Sichuan, ended his 7 years' career of "making a living" and went back to a food processing factory in his hometown to start a warehouse keeper. "There are more and more enterprises in the hometown, who do not want to earn money near home?" Lin Defu said that he now earn 2400 yuan a month, and he eats and lives in a package. Although he works fewer hours in Guangdong, he is close to his heart and is not tired.

Lin Defu's factory is a walnut processing enterprise introduced locally. Walnut is a dominant industry in the Chao Tian area, with an area of nearly 300 thousand mu, and the related industries have attracted more than 1/3 of rural labor force. "The land has been transferred to the co-operatives. I work in the processing plant." Chen Bo, member of the walnut professional cooperative in Xuan he Township, returned to the industrial park two years ago to work. He can save more than 30 thousand yuan a year.

"What we undertake is not only the eastern industry transfer, but also the return of local labor force." Lin Xiangqin, director of the Jianyang Industrial Park Management Committee, said that the park will combine training with employment and entrepreneurship, attracting a large number of local migrant workers to return home.

Actively think of ways to retain migrant workers. In 2013, Sichuan province launched the "migrant workers' housing security operation" for the first time, and directed the provision of 30% public rental housing to migrant workers, which is undoubtedly very tempting for returning migrant workers.

"The worst part of working outside is sleeping every night." Qin Wei, a farmer in Shiqiao Town, Jianyang, originally worked as a restaurant waiter in Beijing and lived in a basement with eight or nine people. I heard that I could apply for public rental housing in Jianyang. Now, he works as a material supervisor in a pharmaceutical factory, earning 2500 yuan, renting a more than 40 square meter house with a monthly rent of less than 400 yuan.

The reporter learned from the Sichuan Provincial People's Association office that in 2012, the number of rural labor force's local employment exceeded employment in the first place, of which 12 million 918 thousand and 700 were transferred to the province, an increase of 18.33% compared to the same period last year, and 11 million 172 thousand and 700 out of the province's employment output decreased by 7.3% compared with the same period last year.

Fu Shaohong, director of the Institute of management, Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences, believes that the turning point of the transfer of migrant workers is due to the upgrading of the eastern industry and the transfer of manufacturing to the central and western regions. The two reason is that Sichuan has increased investment, improved the working environment and implemented preferential policies for employment and entrepreneurship.

4. wandering at the crossroads

The old generation is faced with the entanglement of "leaving or staying", and the new generation is eager to "relearn".

After working in Dongguan for 10 years, Chen Qingli, 70 from Chongqing, worked in a shoe factory in Nancheng. Nowadays, in her hometown, many enterprises in the Pearl River Delta have also needed such skilled workers. "Why do you get so far away from home?" Chen Qingli often asked himself, "Dongguan has a lot of money and a month's income is running out, but everything is unknown." Do you want to leave or stay? Do you want to give up the Dongguan account you are applying for? It's a problem for Chen Qingli.

Wages in the East are losing their attractiveness. Statistics show that the average wages of migrant workers in the eastern region in 2013 were only 10% higher than those in the central and western regions. However, the National Bureau of statistics data show that in 2013, 85.3% of the inter provincial migrant workers moved to the East. In particular, the new generation of migrant workers, 80% choose to go out to work, they come from the countryside, many people have never done farm work, facing the embarrassment of "unable to return home" and "difficult to integrate into the city".

When Zhou Lifang manipulated the computer loom day after day, her niece Mao Xiaofen came to Dongguan. For the technical school graduated 80 years later, learning computer looms is small, but this kind of work has no attraction for her. "How can I stand there like a robot assistant?" the little girl didn't like the work without creativity. She wanted to work even from the production line, and there was an upward path, hoping to eventually manage or become a technical engineer.

Jiang Xuejun, 21, went back to Chengdu to study in a car repair school. He said, "two years of work went to Zhejiang, but money is not as good as imagined, but still needs to learn more skills." Xiao Jiang told reporters that many students in the school were returning to vocational schools like him and hoped to be a garage mechanic after graduation.

Zhang Yuanchao, who is responsible for the employment training program in Chengdu, said that unlike the older generation of migrant workers, the new generation of migrant workers had more learning aspirations and more intense pursuit of personal identity.

Chen Yongzhong, a researcher at the Institute of industrial economics of Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences, said that Sichuan has changed to "investment and investment", and the high-technology industry has gradually become the focus of attracting foreign investment. Chengdu electronics foundry company official said that since last year, the number of skilled workers has been significantly reduced. For the new generation of migrant workers, these are all new challenges.

Experts said that "technology dividend" instead of "demographic dividend" is a long-term process. How to solve the problem of migrant workers in the transformation period is the key.