See How Ancient Traders Do Business

Here world

The Xiaobian of the hat net introduced to everyone is decryption: the ten ancient business groups in ancient China looked at how the ancient local merchants did business.

1, Shanxi Merchants: combination of righteousness and benefit

The cultural level of Shanxi Merchants is relatively higher than that of other business groups. Their business models are also the most advanced. The modern mode of operation such as shareholding system and capital operation has sprouted on them.

Shanxi Merchants regard commerce as a noble cause, which is a key factor for the success of Shanxi merchants.

In actual business, Shanxi Merchants believe in Guan Gong and pay attention to righteousness, profit and justice, which is the core of Shanxi Merchants' values.

Shanxi merchants gradually explored the perfect system of the shopkeeper, reasonably and fairly defined the rights and duties, dividends and responsibilities between the owners and the shopkeeper, and used the authority of the guild to cultivate the sense of honor and honor of the practitioners. It is the most representative system of "entrustment and agency" with Chinese characteristics. The traditional wisdom contained in it is still inspiring to the organization and management of the current private enterprises.

First of all, the separation of ownership and management, the implementation of the manager responsibility system, followed by the personal equity system.

This is also the incentive mechanism initiated by the Shanxi draft, which closely links the interests of employees with the interests of the bank notes, is conducive to coordinating labor relations and mobilizing the enthusiasm of workers, and the third is the management and supervision mechanism.

On the one hand, Shanxi Merchants invented the hierarchical management mode of the joint number system, that is, the large-sized pipe trumpet, to strengthen self-discipline, and at the same time created the imperial civil service system.

These management systems have effectively promoted the rapid development of Shanxi merchants.

2, Hui Merchants: Jia but good Confucian.

Huizhou merchants and Shanxi merchants are equally renowned. As a strong force in Chinese business circles, Huizhou merchants have been active in the north and south of the Yangtze River, the two sides of the Yellow River, and even Japan, Siam, Southeast Asian countries and Portugal.

The huge business capital, the number of people from Jia, the wide range of activities, the number of businesses and the ability to operate are unmatched by other business groups, and have been in the Chinese business community for hundreds of years.

Huizhou people are good at business. They are good at analyzing and judging the economic situation, making great profits in the unequal exchange between buying and selling cheap goods. Large-scale long-distance commodity trafficking is an important way for the merchants to become rich. Besides, hoarding, privileges making profits, tooth rows, usury and so on are also the means for many merchants to become rich.

The biggest difference between Huizhou merchants and other business groups lies in Confucianism.

Huizhou is the hometown of Zhu Xi, a great Confucian scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty. It is known as the unique style of Confucianism. Therefore, Hui merchants mostly show the characteristics of Jia and good Confucianism, and their commercial morality has a strong Confucian flavor.

Huizhou merchants are very fond of reading. They sometimes do business in the daytime and study in the evening.

Love reading brought the characteristics of "Jia Hao Liang" to Hui merchants. It not only promoted Huizhou to become a prosperous place of writing, but also had a positive impact on business management and made Huizhou merchants dominate the two dynasties in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Huizhou merchants, with the Confucian moral, moral and moral preaching as the foundation of their business ethics, made them win credibility in business and promote the development of commercial capital, which is the secret of their success in business.

3, Fujian Business Association: "internal and external collusion"

The rise of the Fujian business association began with a tit for tat between the feudal government's official tributary trade and the sea embargo policy.

They smuggled in commercial trade and robbed when they could not trade. They had the double character of pirates and merchants.

The trade mode of "internal and external collusion" is the most common way of doing business in Fujian sea traders. They have extensively contacted the coastal residents and established many strongholds. They use the strongholds to acquire sea goods and hoard foreign smuggled goods for sale. They are not only in the sea business, but also in many land traders, amphibious, maritime trade, and land trade.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Fujian merchants closely integrated domestic and foreign trade, worked hard and carried out various forms of trade, thus forming a very influential local business association in the late feudal society of China.

With the demise of the feudal society, Fujian merchants opened up new business venues in overseas Nanyang and Taiwan.

Many businessmen in the Fujian business community, who have developed the overseas market fearlessly in the capacity of a free businessman, have finally opened a new branch in Fujian to help this dry tree, so that the business spirit of Fujian business associations has been extended to overseas Chinese and Fujian people in Taiwan.

4, Guangdong Business Association: like "tou Xi Tang"

Cantonese businessmen are deeply influenced by south of the Five Ridges culture, far away from the political center, and are not bound by the so-called "orthodox" and "authoritative" concepts.

In order to make money, Guangdong businessmen are not afraid of the world. They are not afraid to play the ball.

They always dare to be the first to eat crab. They like to eat the soup.

Cantonese Merchants quickly win and attack quickly.

Cantonese Merchants never limit their production and operation to a fixed framework, and focus on flexibility and flexibility.

Cantonese businessmen often have low cultural level, and their own funds are few and their technical strength is not strong, but they will "borrow".

One is to lend money to play; the two is to lend it to play.

Cantonese businessmen believe in "openness, tolerance and exclusiveness".

Modern Cantonese Merchants carried forward the ancient Guangdong

In the process of participating in international business and trade, Chaozhou merchants in modern times have some open mind.

In modern Guangdong businessmen, we can see some effective combination and integration of traditional culture and modern commercial culture.

The development and integration of this kind of culture may be the reason why Guangdong merchants can still develop and grow further after the decline of Shanxi merchants and Huizhou merchants.

5, Ningbo Gang: start up Shanghai

In 1984, Deng Xiaoping's "Ningbo Gang" is famous all over the world because of the heroic words of "to mobilize all the world's" Ningbo Gang to build Ningbo ".

As a matter of fact, the Ningbo business group belongs to the ten major business groups.

However, the Ningbo gang has not only affected the process of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai in the fields of industry and commerce, finance and so on, but it is no exaggeration to say that it has affected the process of China's industry and Commerce and financial industry.

After the Opium War, especially in the period of the Republic of China, the new generation of commercial capitalists in Ningbo merchants came to the fore, combining business and finance closely, so that the Ningbo business group was among the famous business groups in the country with the new modern businessmen group.

They are also famous for their silver industry, pharmaceutical industry, clothing industry, seafood industry and insurance industry.

The business associations in Ningbo formed relatively late, but their development momentum was very fast.

Their activity areas have been expanding, and eventually they have formed a four - generation business and travelled all over the world.

Ningbo businessmen not only are good at developing areas of activities, but also are good at developing business projects in a timely manner.

Their way of getting rich is very characteristic and very practical: they operate on the basis of traditional industries and rely on the operation of pillar industries, and take the direction of new industries.

6, Shaanxi Business Association: as far as possible to chase after thick profits.

In the commercial circles of Ming Dynasty, merchants in Shanxi and Shaanxi often used the combination of neighboring provinces in order to fight against the needs of merchants and other merchants.

The western merchants had great influence in the early Ming Dynasty. They gained a lot of benefits from the salt industry. Unfortunately, the reasons for their interests began to divide them, and the salt merchants in Shaanxi separated from the Shanxi salt merchants. Finally, the Shaanxi salt merchants went to Sichuan to develop independently, which laid the foundation for the final formation of the Shaanxi businessmen.

The Shaanxi business association is a comprehensive business group. Their pursuit of wealth is the same as that of the general business groups: they can chase after the profits as much as possible, and if they fail, they will go for the second best.

Shaanxi merchants are most famous for salt merchants, and the operation of cloth industry, tea industry and fur industry is also an important way for Shaanxi businessmen to make profits.

Although expensive is one of the ten major business groups in China, and customs of customs are similar to those of Shanxi merchants. But in the eyes of outsiders, Shaanxi businessmen are short of knowledge and can not compare with Jinbang in every aspect.

As for the use of commercial capital, Shaanxi businessmen adopt the way of local wealth, and few people invest in handicraft industry. This is precisely contrasted with the development of handicraft industry by businessmen in Jiangnan area.

7, Shandong commercial Gang: focusing on a word "righteousness".

Shandong businessmen have the characteristics of Shandong people, focusing on a word "righteousness".

Because of this, compared with other business groups, the way to get rich in Shandong business is simple and straightforward.

The way to get rich in Shandong business community is, in the long run, to engage in long-distance sales and business, focusing on credit business ethics and standardized business practices.

At the same time, among the Shandong businessmen, there are mainly large bureaucrats, big landlords and large businessmen. Therefore, most of the businessmen are feudal businessmen.

Although the "Lu merchants" in history were not as brilliant as Shanxi merchants and Huizhou merchants, the silk fabrics, grain wholesale, retail, catering and other industries in Beijing and even North China were also controlled in the boom.

Especially in the northeast region, Lu merchants have the convenience of geographical and personal connections. They once made a great leap in the "shopping mall".

Generally speaking, there are two ways to manage Shandong business groups: one is sole proprietorship and the other is partnership business. Two.

In the sole proprietorship business, the general situation is that I or the family are large businessmen, and the capital is very strong, and of course, there are many small business hawkers with less capital.

They regulate commercial behavior mainly in terms of fiduciary constraints between business objects and according to established rules. In the partnership, the Shandong commercial Gang's normative behavior is a bit like the practice of the stock company now. Partners first set up partnership contracts. According to historical materials, they often invite friends to testify, in order to show their faith.

8, Longyou Business Association: the most brilliant means.

When Huizhou merchants and Shanxi Merchants fought for hegemony in shopping malls, an influential Longyou business group was emerging in the southwest of Zhejiang.

Historically, the Longyou business group is actually a merchant group in Quzhou Prefecture, with the largest number of businessmen in Longyou county and the most sophisticated business means, so they are called Longyou business groups.

Although the Longyou business community is remote, it has an open mind and a new trend in terms of concept.

It is mainly manifested in two aspects, that is, the courage to invest in the world and the amount of money in the sea.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many businessmen made money from commercial operations to buy land or to operate pawn and loan businesses in order to have a steady income.

Longyou businessmen are keenly aware that to gain more profits, they must turn to handicraft production and industrial and mining industries.

They resolutely invested in the production of paper industry or mining industry, or directly participated in the production of commodities, pforming commercial capital into industrial capital, and injected new relations of production with employment relations into the feudal society at that time.

Businessmen in Longyou do not exclude the infiltration of foreign business associations, and get along well with others, and attract foreign businessmen to help them, thus promoting the development of Longyou businessmen.

Longyou businessmen dare to take the lead in the world and the amount of money they have in the sea is a reflection of their good business mentality.

Although they came out of a remote area without government support and strong support from the powerful clan forces, they could rise in the big business groups like the forest and stand alone in the forest of business.

9. Dongting Merchants: smart business groups.

Almost in the wake of the rise of Longyou businessmen, another business group in Dongting, China.