Eight Major Diseases In Enterprise Marketing
The theory and method of marketing have brought vitality and vitality to a large number of Chinese enterprises, and improved their sales ability and market competitiveness.
While we see these gratifying changes, we should also see that quite a number of enterprises have unilaterally understood and applied the theories and methods of marketing, resulting in these enterprises' unknowingly suffering from "marketing disease" in the fierce market competition. Their main symptoms are shown in the following eight aspects:
一、缺乏戰略。傳統計劃經濟下誕生的國有企業,甚至包括一些知名的民營企業,大都沒有明確的經營目標和長期的戰略規劃,常常為了追求眼前的利潤,只重視商品一時的暢銷,不注重維護、創造企業的經營特色,在生產經營設施和技術開發上不愿進行大的投資,浮躁和急功近利的特征明顯。而世界500強企業則有一個共同的特點就是高度重視經營戰略,不論是“微軟”這樣的老牌勁旅,還是像“谷歌”這樣的新貴,它們都從長遠的角度來制定企業的各種經營策略,特別舍得在研發和技術上投資,從而一步步穩扎穩打把企業做大做強。
二、理念滯后。“商場如戰場”,競爭的成功是建立在對手失敗的基礎上的,這是傳統的純競爭觀念,這種觀念反映在我國的市場上尤為突出和單調。我們能看到的國內企業競爭基本上都是價格戰和廣告戰,其結果只能是兩敗俱傷。目前,隨著相互依存的經濟全球化時代的到來,純競爭觀念顯然有些落伍,資源共享、基于雙贏的戰略聯盟、企業間合作已是大勢所趨。競爭者之間、互補者之間并購浪潮風起云涌,推動企業發展壯大,合作、競爭可以使現有的蛋糕更大或更多。現在企業間更需要的是合作與聯合,就像著名的銀行家勃納德·巴舍奇說的一樣:“你并不需要熄滅別人的燈光以使自己的明亮。”
三、一味造勢。我們有些企業在進行營銷活動時,急功近利、嘩眾取寵有余,而著眼全局、深謀遠慮不足,不是把主要精力放在商品質量、售后服務上,而是一味地希望通過一個人、一個點子、一個主意使產品一夜揚名。誠然,通過某些活動,的確能起到迅速成名的目的,但知名度不等于美譽度,名牌不等于有名氣的牌子,轟動效應不等于轟動效益。一個產品要占領市場,不僅僅是要讓人知曉,更重要的是讓人了解它時,就能產生一種好感、信賴,從而在此基礎上產生購買行為。轟動效應必須同時具有知名度與美譽度,才能轉化為轟動效益。
四、盲目跟隨。市場營銷理論要求企業應在廣泛分析消費需求、市場競爭和營銷環境的基礎上,結合自身優勢,選擇有特色的產品和服務,采用差異化的營銷戰略。而現實中,一些企業則不然,常常是“月亮走我也走”,習慣于跟著別人的感覺走。君不見,市場上白酒大戰、電視機大戰未酣,諸如牛奶、空調大戰又粉墨登場。這些低層次的重復生產經營,只能導致低層次的價格大戰,這樣激烈競爭的結果,企業成本增加,競爭各方損失慘重,直至最后只有少數企業才能生存下來,相當數量的企業都會敗下陣來,面臨倒閉的危險。另一方面由于競爭各方忽視產品的開發,使消費者的個性需求也難以真正得到滿足。
五、手段單一。市場營銷策略包括4P,營銷的整體效果取決于4P的結合程度。根據木桶原理,即木桶盛水的多少取決于木桶的最短邊而非最長邊。那么營銷效果的高低實際上是取決于4P中最弱的方面,而非做得最好的方面。我們的企業在進行營銷活動時,非常重視促銷(尤其是廣告)和價格,這未免有失偏頗。再好的廣告、再低的價格,如果沒有優質的產品和便利的通道作為支撐同樣是不可能成功的。曾經為央視“標王”的秦池和愛多的教訓是深刻的,他們雖然靠央視廣告而一夜成名,但由于廣告投入太大和產品創新乏力、管理滯后等原因,終使他們的美夢很快破滅。
六、重外輕內。即重視外部營銷,忽視內部管理。市場經濟和市場營銷要求企業必須充分重視市場分析,重視環境因素對企業生存和發展的影響,重視消費者、競爭者、業務相關組織的分析,重視外部營銷策略、戰略的研究、制定和實施。但是,外部營銷的成功必須有強有力的內部條件為基礎和后盾。沒有好的內部管理,沒有高素質的人才,沒有堅實企業基礎工作,就沒有企業的真正實力,企業外部環境的威脅就無法避免,企業就無法進入、占領和鞏固市場。
But in reality, a considerable number of enterprises pay special attention to external marketing, devote almost a lot of talent, material resources and limited financial resources to product sales, while the basic work of enterprise product development is poor, equipment aging, backward technology, poor product quality, high cost, lack of systematic training for workers, slow improvement of staff quality, confusion in basic management of enterprises, low production efficiency, large material consumption and low efficiency.
This kind of "three backward" internal management affects external marketing in the end, which makes external marketing lose its guarantee.
As a result of the "external emphasis", enterprises only get temporary and partial interests, lack of sustainable development foundation, lack of competition in enterprises, and trapped inside and outside enterprises.
七、貪新忘舊。一般企業相信,吸納新顧客對企業成長非常重要,屬于一種積極主動的進攻策略,而維系老顧客為消極、被動的退守策略。在這種觀念支配下,很多企業吸納新客戶時所采取的策略,往往令現有老顧客感覺到被輕視。這是一種非常危險的營銷觀念,要知道,維持一個老顧客所需的成本是尋求一個新顧客成本的5倍,而要使一個失去的老顧客重新成為顧客所花費的成本則是尋求一個新客戶成本的10倍。
八、道德欠佳。主要表現在一些企業在進行營銷活動時,重視一時承諾和宣傳,而忽視長期的兌現和服務,更有甚者,在營銷活動中運用種種手段欺騙消費者。如名為打折,實為抬價;名為贈物銷售,實為購物搭配;還有的企業在進行社會募捐活動中,表現“積極”,電臺有聲,電視露臉,報刊有名,舉起募捐牌,開口就是十萬百萬的,到真正付款時卻不見蹤影。能在大庭廣眾下不兌現承諾,更不必說平時對一般消費者所做的承諾了。
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