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Research Progress Of Shoe Bottom Skid Resistance

2008/8/11 10:09:00 41840

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The skid resistance of soles directly affects the comfort and safety of shoes when they wear them.

It is easy to slip and wrestle when walking, especially on wet, smooth and slippery roads.

With the development of the global construction industry, especially in the construction of public places, the building ground is becoming more and more high-grade, gorgeous and beautiful, but most of them neglect the problem of surface skid resistance, resulting in accidents of slipping and falling.

Slipping and falling injuries have been considered as one of the main causes of accidents in workplaces, public places and home environments.

According to the findings of the US National Security Investigation Bureau, [1]: accidents caused by falls and slips in the United States account for 17% of industrial accidents, accounting for 18% of public accidents, accounting for 20% of family accidents.

There are about 250000 to 300000 disabled accidents every year because of slipping and falling, and the number of deaths is 1200 to 1600.

In Britain, falls and falls accounted for 20% of industrial accidents (about 40000 per year).

Finland's manufacturing, construction and pportation industries suffer from industrial accidents every year, accounting for 34%, 28% and 21%[2] of total industrial accidents respectively.

The huge number of disabled people has attracted the attention of many countries and governments, and relevant laws and regulations have been formulated for accidents involving slipping and falling accidents.

In July 1992, the US Congress passed the United States citizen's Accidental Disability Act (ADA).

In addition, the occupational safety and Health Ordinance (OSHA) has made it clear that all the standards of anti slip friction coefficient for all public open offices, schools, business, tourism and pportation departments and other places providing walking places are up to 0.6 (detection values), and 0.8 of slopes (detection values).

The owners whose surface friction coefficient does not meet this standard will be severely punished or [3].

Most of the standards in North America are in accordance with the provisions of the United States. The Canadian government dealt with the ground skid resistance according to the US standard, and passed twenty-third bills in Ontario.

In addition, many countries and regions have included the skid resistance of sole as one of the necessary items for quality inspection of shoes for import and export.

In 1993, the international footwear and footwear testing standards committee issued the "testing standard for sole soles of ISO11220 shoes", which specifies the testing methods of skid resistance and the classification and standard [4] of skid resistance for special shoes.

In July 2000 and August 19, 2002, the EU footwear Standards Committee issued the two standards for testing the skid resistance of shoes, ENV 13287:2000 and ENV 13287:2002 [5].

In 2001, the National Standardization Organization and the American Society of materials and experiments developed and implemented the ANSI/ASTM F695-2001 code of practice for evaluating the test data for measuring the skid resistance of shoe soles, heels or related materials. [6] and "ANSI/ASTM F1240-2001" guide to guide the classification of footwear skid resistance on different surfaces.

China is the largest footwear producing and exporting country in the world. At present, the footwear industry accounts for 53% of the world's total output, and footwear exports account for more than 60% of the world's total exports, leading to [8].

China's footwear exports are mostly concentrated in the United States, the European Union and Japan. With China's accession to the WTO, various quotas and quantitative restrictions abroad are gradually liberalized, which is conducive to the expansion of China's footwear exports.

However, because of their own technological and economic advantages, some countries, on the pretext of protecting the environment and ensuring personal safety, continue to restrict China's footwear exports through legislation or draconian technical standards and environmental standards.

If the European Union Member States, led by Germany, stipulate in their technical standards, labor safety shoes need to obtain the CE certification mark of the European community, which is related to the safety of the person, including the anti slip performance of the sole [8].

However, there is still a big gap between China's shoe making materials and technology and the requirements of these technologies and environmental standards.

As mentioned above, in order to reduce the loss caused by slipping and falling accidents, more and more consumers and shoes producing and importing countries have focused their attention on improving the sole skid resistance.

The improvement of shoe sole's skid resistance can further improve the quality of shoes, ensure the safety of consumers, help China break through the heavy trade barriers of footwear importing countries, continue to maintain the status of footwear exporting countries, and win the reputation of high quality footwear exporters.

Therefore, how to improve the skid resistance of sole has become the focus of footwear industry and footwear researchers.

1. The skid resistance of sole

The skid resistance of sole can be expressed by the dynamic friction coefficient (DCOF) and the static friction coefficient (SCOF) of the sole and the roadbed. The greater the friction coefficient is, the better the skid resistance performance is.

James P. Hanson[2] pointed out in his research that the factors affecting the skid resistance are very complicated. There are two main categories: environmental factors and human factors.

Environmental factors include the condition of walking on the road, shoes (mainly shoes, materials, patterns and heels of different geometric shapes), pollutants on the road surface (medium), sloping height and so on. Human factors include sensory ability, Biodynamics, neuromuscular control and information pmission.

And research data show that the properties of materials are closely related to temperature. Therefore, it is speculated that temperature may also be one of the factors that affect the skid resistance of sole.

On the other hand, different types of shoes have different requirements for skid resistance.

Studying the skid resistance of shoes can improve the skid resistance of shoes and reduce the occurrence of slip accidents. It provides a scientific basis for selecting and developing new shoe materials and making different kinds of anti slip soles.

2, research status at home and abroad

2, 1 domestic research status

At present, the research on the anti slip performance of soles in China is mainly focused on the exploration of the factors affecting the skid performance and the influence of sole materials, patterns and roads on the skid resistance of the soles. Most of the skid stops used are GT-7012-BC type skid tester produced by Taiwan GOTECH company.

The influence of 2, 1 and 1 on the anti slip performance of sole

Zhao Quanyong, Ding Shaolan [9] used the GT-7012-BC type slip stop tester produced by Taiwan GOTECH company to carry out a series of tests on the skid resistance of six kinds of soles, PU, PVC, EVA, NR, TPR and natural leather, on the dry wet condition of tar, glass, marble, wood and cement pavement.

The test results show that: (1) different materials, different roads, different humidity, the anti slip properties of soles are different; (2) the biggest friction coefficient is the PVC soles on the dry glass road surface, the static friction coefficient is 1.1286; the lowest friction coefficient is the EVA soles on wet glass surface, the dynamic friction coefficient is 0.1948; (3) the skid resistance is affected by the material and humidity most of the road surface is the glass; (4) the skid resistance is affected by the road surface is larger than the TPR soles, the largest is the wet PVC soles.

Therefore, it is concluded that the factors that affect the skid resistance of soles are shoe sole materials, pavement and soles - the medium between pavement (pollutants on the road, such as water, oil, sand, etc.).

However, the significance of the influence of material, pavement and dry humidity on the skid resistance and the correlation between them have not been studied.

The effect of 2, 1 and 2 shoe sole patterns and materials on the skid resistance performance

Zhang Jianchun, Liang Gaoyong and other [10] carried out a comparative test on three different pattern soles (see Figure 1) of the same glue on the GT-7012-BC type slip test instrument produced by GOTECH company of Taiwan.

Through testing, it is found that the new rubber coated shoes have good skid resistance, especially excellent wet skid resistance.

This shows that the sole pattern has great influence on the skid resistance, not only affects the skid resistance effect and direction, but also depends on the contact surface condition, such as dry or wet condition.

Therefore, after the material is selected, the flower design of the antiskid sole of the antiskid sole is very important.

Fig. 1 three kinds of sole with different patterns

Research progress of shoe bottom skid resistance

2008-4-6 15:30:00

Table 1 test data of three kinds of cotton shoes slipped freely on glass. (among them, the test data with no subscript 1 with the subscript 1, the test data of the 2.5kg gravity is applied to the sole of the shoe with the subscript 2).

He Xiangqin and Wang Yuqian [11] deduced the formula for determining the friction coefficient in the preliminary measurement and discussion of the friction coefficient of the antiskid shoes: h/s = h, where h is the slippery height of the shoes from the slope, and the distance between the sliding shoes for the shoes.

The friction coefficient of three kinds of cotton shoes with different sizes on the glass pavement is shown in Table 1 above.

It can be seen from table data that the friction coefficient of skid shoes is related to the applied gravity.

When gravity is not applied, the friction coefficient of the fine pattern bottom is large; when the gravity is certain, the friction coefficient of the pattern width increases.

That is to say, the width of the sole sole is about 5mm.

Luo Xiangdong, Gong Tai Sheng, Yang Minzhen et al. On [12] type GT-7012-BC slip tester, we tested the skid resistance of three kinds of rubber sole with different density patterns on the surface of dry wet cement, asphalt and marble. The relationship between sole pattern and skid resistance was explored from two aspects: the pattern of shoe sole and the density of pattern.

The test results confirm the conclusion of Zhang Jianchun et al. It is also concluded that on the rough road surface, such as cement and asphalt pavement and dry marble pavement, the slippage of the soles with more horizontal factors is better than that on the rough pavement, but on the wet marble pavement, the test condition is abnormal, and the longitudinal slip of the sole with more longitudinal factors is better.

In his master's thesis, Luo Xiangdong [13] further studied the relationship between sole design and sole skidding performance.

He chose several typical rubber soles to test their skid resistance on the three kinds of pavement respectively. Not only did they find the form and shape of the sole had an impact on the skid resistance, but also the depth of the pattern and the contact area between the sole and the road had a greater impact on the skid resistance. However, the in-depth study did not go on, and the sole material was only confined to the rubber.

2, 2 foreign research status

At present, the research on the skid resistance in foreign countries is mainly focused on the two aspects of the research on the factors affecting the skid performance and the study of the criteria for estimating the skid resistance of shoes.

Study on the influence factors of 2, 2 and 1 shoe sole skid resistance performance

Since July 1995, Japan has implemented the PL law [14], so the relevant personnel in the industry are particularly concerned about the slippage of the sole.

[15] is now used in Japan. The slip tester is developed by the Japan Footwear Association (JSMA), which is produced by Japan's Dongjing precision machine, JSMA slip meter, ASTM D1894 and oy-pull slip meter.

The Japan Footwear Association has studied the skid resistance of leather, polyurethane, PVC, rubber four kinds of materials with no pattern sole on stainless steel, floor tiles, artificial marble, carpet and asphalt felt.

It is found that the factors that affect the skid resistance are shoe sole material, pattern and pavement condition.

The performance of sole material has great influence on the skid resistance, and the dynamic friction coefficient of any floor material shows the maximum value of rubber bottom and the minimum value of leather bottom.

Hylton B. Menz, Stephen R. Lord and Andrew S. McIntosh[16] were used to test the dynamic friction force of men's Oxford shoes with different heels (a pair of low waist shoes with lace on the instep) and women's fashion shoes (see Figure 2) in the dry and wet condition of ceramic tile, sidewalk cement floor, vinyl indoor floor and outdoor red clay tile.

The shoe is fixed on the pendulum of the tester, and the shoe is floored on the floor by hydraulic pmission (D is a slip proof on the sole of the heel of A.