The Best Way Of Operation Of Bill Of Lading
在國際航運中,最常見、最重要的單證就是提單。對于 承運人 (包括船公司及其代理人)來說,提單是簽發給 托運 人的貨物收據。對于 托運 人來說,提單是物權憑證。沿海 港口 地區的提單流轉,一般按正常程序進行。在最常見的跟單 信用證 結匯 方式中, 承運人 簽發提單給 托運 人后,托運人將提單和信用證 一同交議付銀行 結匯 。提單上列明的收貨人要通過贖單手續取得提單,方可提貨。
可是,內陸地區的托運人就會碰到一些麻煩。不少船公司為避免提單管理失控,往往沒有指定內陸地區代理人為其簽發提單,而是在貨物啟運港簽發好提單再寄給內陸地區的托運人(即 港口 簽單方式)。郵寄需要一段時間,某些情況下達數天之久,于是產生幾點問題:
1. the shipper in the inland area received the bill of lading late, and it was late in the negotiation bank and there was interest loss.
2. the shipper in the inland area must send the bill of lading back to the port of shipment if the bill of lading is found to be in the wrong place after the receipt of the bill of lading. Far apart, difficult to communicate, and even forced to send someone to make a special trip to the port for correction.
3.有時 信用證 已到期,托運人只得用打錯的提單去擔保結匯,或在信用證過期后才拿到正確的提單,甚至在信用證過期后才拿到錯的提單,被迫擔保結匯,從而承擔了巨大風險,陷于被動境地。根據世界通行的國際商會第500號出版物 規定 ,在此情況下,收貨人可拒收貨物、不付款或要求減價等。如收貨人居心不良,托運人就要吃大虧。
4.為不誤信用證的有效期,特別是裝船日期與信用證有效期相隔很近時(這很常見),郵寄提單來不及, 承運人 和托運人有可能商議采用預借提單的作法。這時托運人就有了額外風險,要是出了特殊原因,貨物未按計劃裝船,收貨人可以向海事法院起訴,托運人和船公司在聲譽上和經濟上都可能受損。
針對以上情況,有的內陸地區采用了簽發MEMO提單的 辦法 。托運人委托內陸 貨代 公司代辦運輸, 貨代 公司向船公司訂艙時,隨附兩份提單樣本,一份是船公司的提單樣本,一份是 貨代 公司提單樣本。前者在Consigneeoforder欄目中打上TOORDEROFTHEHOLDEROFORIGINALXXXB/L,NO□□□,其中XXX為貨代公司全稱,□□□為貨代公司的提單編號,后者按正常情況繕制。
船公司在貨裝上船以后,照樣本打好自己的正本提單(MEMO提單),寄內陸貨代公司和托運人過目,再轉寄收貨人。船公司還須立即傳真 通知 內陸貨代公司船名、航次、船期,由其簽發 船代 公司的正本提單供托運人結匯。收貨人則通過正常贖單手續在銀行取得貨代公司的正本提單,加上托運人寄來的船公司提單,用兩套提單去卸貨港 碼頭 提貨。
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