Terms Of International Trade
International Trade and foreign trade
I. international trade (International Trade)
國際貿易亦稱“世界貿易”,泛指國際間的商品和勞務(或貨物、知識和服務)的交換。它由各國(地區)的對外貿易構成,是世界各國對外貿易的總和。國際貿易在奴隸社會和封建社會就已發生,并隨生產的發展而逐漸擴大。到資本主義社會,其規模空前擴大,具有世界性。
Two. Foreign trade (Foreign Trade)
對外貿易亦稱“國外貿易”或“ 進出口 貿易”,是指一個國家(地區)與另一個國家(地區)之間的商品和勞務的交換。這種貿易由進口和出口兩個部分組成。對運進商品或勞務的國家(地區)來說,就是進口;對運出商品或勞務的國家(地區)來說,就是出口。這在奴隸社會和封建社會就開始產生和發展,到資本主義社會,發展更加迅速。其性質和作用由不同的社會 制度 所 決定 。
Value of foreign trade and foreign trade volume
(1) foreign trade value (Value of Foreign Trade)
對外貿易值是以貨幣表示的貿易金額。一定時期內一國從國外進口的商品的全部價值,稱為進口貿易總額或進口總額;一定時期內一國向國外出口的商品的全部價值,稱為出口貿易總額或出口總額。兩者相加為 進出口 貿易總額或 進出口 總額,是反映一個國家對外貿易規模的重要指標。一般用本國貨幣表示,也有用國際上習慣使用的貨幣表示。聯合國編制和發表的世界各國對外貿易值的統計資料,是以美元表示的。
把世界上所有國家的進口總額或出口總額用同一種貨幣換算后加在一起,即得世界進口總額或世界出口總額。就國際貿易來看,一國的出口就是另一國的進口,如果把各國進出口值相加作為國際貿易總值就是重復計算。因此,一般是把各國進出口值相加,作為國際貿易值。由于各國一般都是按離岸價格( FOB 即啟運港船上交貨價,只計成本,不包括運費和保險費)計算出口額,按到岸價格( CIF 即成本、保險費加運費)計算進口額。因此世界出口總額略小于世界進口總額。
(two) foreign trade volume (Quantum of Foreign Trade)
以貨幣所表示的對外貿易值經常受到價格變動的影響,因而不能準確地反映一國對外貿易的實際規模,更不能使不同時期的對外貿易值直接比較。為了反映進出口貿易的實際規模,通常以貿易指數表示,其 辦法 是按一定期的不變價格為標準來計算各個時期的貿易值,用進出口價格指數除進出口值,得出按不變價格計算的貿易值,便剔除了價格變動因素,就是貿易量。然后,以一定時期為基期的貿易量指數同各個時期的貿易量指數相比較,就可以得出比較準確反映貿易實際規模變動的貿易量指數。
General trade and specialized trade
(1) total trade (General Trade)
總貿易是“專門貿易”的對稱,是指以國境為標準劃分的進出口貿易。凡進入國境的商品一律列為總進口;凡離開國境的商品一律列為總出口。 在總出口中又包括本國產品的出口和未經加工的進口商品的出口。總進口額加總出口額就是一國的總貿易額。美國、日本、英國、加拿大、澳大利亞、中國、原蘇聯、東歐等國采用這種劃分標準。
(two) specialized trade (Special Trade)
專門貿易是“總貿易”的對稱,是指以關境為標準劃分的進出口貿易。只有從外國進入關境的商品以及從保稅倉庫存提出進入關境的商品才列為專門進口。當外國商品進入國境后,暫時存放在保稅倉庫,未進入關境,不列為專門進口。從國內運出關境的本國產品以及進口后經加工又運出關境的商口,則列為專門出口。專門進口額加專門出口額稱為專門貿易額。德國、意大利等國采用這種劃分標準。
Direct trade and indirect trade
(1) direct trade (Direct Trade) Direct trade is the symmetry of "indirect trade". It refers to the direct sale of goods by commodity producing countries and commodity consuming countries. (two) indirect trade (Indirect Trade) Indirect trade is the symmetry of "direct trade". It refers to the behavior of commodity producing countries and commodity consuming countries buying and selling commodities through third countries. Among them, the producer country is indirect export, the consumer country is indirect import, and the third country is the indirect one. Transit. Entrepot Trade refers to trade between producers and consumers through third countries. Even if goods are directly pported from the country of production to the consumer countries, there is no direct paction between them. However, the pshipment relationship between the third country and the producer and consumer countries still belongs to the entrepot trade.
Visable Trade& Invisable Trade
(1) Visible Trade
有形貿易是“無形貿易”的對稱,指商品的進出口貿易。由于商口是可以看得見的有形實物,故商品的進出口被稱為有形進出口,即有形貿易。國際貿易中的有形商品種類繁多,為便于統計,聯合國秘書處于1950年起草了“聯合國國際貿易標準分類”,分別在1960年和1974年進行了修訂。 在1974年的修訂本里,把國際貿易商品共分為10大類、63章、233組、786個分組和1924個基本項目。這10類商品分別為:食品及主要供食用的活動物(0);飲料及煙類(1);燃料以外的非食用粗原料(2);礦物燃料、潤滑油及有關原料(3);動植物油脂及油脂(4);未列名化學品及有關產品(5);主要按原料分類的制成品(6);機械及運輸設備(7);雜項制品(8);沒有分類的基他商品(9)。在國際貿易中,一般把0到4類商品稱為初級產品,把5到8類商品稱為制成品。
(two) invisible trade (Invisible Trade)
無形貿易是“有形貿易”的對稱,指勞務或其他非實物商品的進出口而發生的收入與支出。主要包括:(1)和商品進出口有關的一切從屬費用的收支,如運輸費、保險費、商品加工費、裝卸費等;(2)和商品進出口無關的其他收支,如國際旅游費用、外交人員費用、僑民匯款、使用專利特許權的費用、國外投資匯回的股息和紅利、公司或個人在國外服務的收支等。以上各項中的收入,稱為“無形出口”;以上各項中的支出,稱為“無形進口”。
Visible trade is due to customs clearance, so its amount is displayed in customs statistics of a country. Invisible trade is not processed by customs, and its amount is not reflected in customs statistics, but it is shown on the balance of payments table of a country.
Re export and re import
(I) re export (Re-export)
The re export refers to the unprocessed and exported products after the import of foreign commercial ports, also known as re exports. To a large extent, the re export is related to the re export trade.
(two) re import (Re-import)
Re import means that domestic goods are exported to foreign countries, and they are imported and imported without processing. Multiple imports are caused by casual reasons, such as export returns.
Terms of trade
貿易條件(Terms of Trade)又稱交換比價或貿易比價,即出口價格與進口價格之間的比率,也就是說一個單位的出口商品可以換回多少進口商品。它是用出口價格指數與進口價格指數來計算的。計算的公式為:出口價格指數/進口價格指數X100。以一定時期為基期,先計算出基期的進出口價格比率并作為100,再計算出比較期的進出口價格比率,然后以之與基期相比,如大于100,表明貿易條件比基期有利;如小于100,則表明貿易條件比基期不利,交換效益劣于基期。
The direction of foreign trade and international trade
(1) geographical orientation of foreign trade
對外貿易地理方向又稱對外貿易地區分布或國別結構,是指一定時期內各個國家或區域集團在一國對外貿易中所占有的地位,通常以它們在該國進出口總額或進口總額
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