Grade Chinese "Spring And Autumn"

November 13th, written more than 3000 years ago. Zhouyi "Shoe" has appeared on behalf of shoes. Sun Bin, a soldier of the Warring States period, had broken the kneecap and was unable to walk because he was spoiled. He used hard leather to cut into "bottom" and "Gang". Boots In the Museum of Chinese history, there is a collection of leather more than 2000 years ago.

Later, as shoes were made of materials, styles and uses, the types of shoes began to enrich. According to the production Material Science The difference can usually be divided into three kinds: straw, cloth and leather.

Among them, cloth shoes refer to shoes made of hemp, silk, silk, brocade and other fabrics. The Han Dynasty was mostly bifurcated, and the bottom was knitted with hemp thread, also called double pointed warped head square shoes. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the two animals were embroidered on the front of shoes.

In the Northern Qi Dynasty, cages became a kind of fashion It is a shoe with wooden teeth, made up of three parts: flat, line and tooth.

Leather shoes, cotton felt and other leather shoes and boots are also known as "boots" or "high boots". They are worn by nomadic people in the north, including dry boots, flower boots, leather boots, felt boots, single boots, cotton boots, cloud top boots, goose top boots and so on. According to legend, Sun Bin is the ancestor of boots, which was widely spread in the north and South during the northern and Southern Dynasties and spread to the south of the Yangtze River until the Tang Dynasty.

Leather shoes were also popular in the Song Dynasty. Men wore small leather shoes. Women had round heads, flat heads or head curling. They also decorated all kinds of flower and bird patterns.

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, women's cloth shoes with high toe and flat shoes began to appear.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the method of making shoes gradually merged with styles, and became more and more sophisticated. Most of the shoes in the Ming Dynasty were thick and thick, and the North wore more rhombohedral shoes.

In the Manchu rule period of the Qing Dynasty, men's shoes were mainly made of pointed shoes, and they were made of satin in summer and autumn, and used to build velvet in winter. They had thick bottom and thin bottom. They were used as single beams or double beams. The women's shoes in Qing Dynasty were the most distinctive. The soles were mostly wooden, ranging from one inch to five inches. The bottom was wide and round, and was called "horseshoe bottom", also called "flower pot bottom". The vamp is often made of silk and embroidered with multicolored embroidery, and some aristocratic women are also inlaid with various jewels on their vamp. But because of the inconvenience of walking, elderly women or people with low status wear wooden flat shoes.

Etiquette in shoes

During Zhou Dai's time, people followed the practice of getting rid of shoes and entering the room. According to Zuo Zhuan Xuan Gong, fourteen years: "Chu Zi heard it, he threw himself into his arms and went to the room." It means that the king of Chu went out of the room because he was not able to wear shoes. In addition, Lie Zi said, "the guests will tell Lie Zi and Lie Zi go away." This shows that the ancients did not wear shoes indoors, they all walked barefoot. If you wear shoes on the court to see the king, you will be killed.

In the spring and Autumn period, there was such a story that there was a time when Jin Ping Gong summoned Shai Kuang and Shi Kuang went to the hall. Ping Gong was very angry, and said, "then some ministers do not take off their duties and go up to the hall". At that time, the officials saw the king and had to take off their shoes and put them outside the temple. If you do not follow this custom, you will incur great misfortune. "Lu's spring and Autumn Annals" contains: once, Qi Wangji asked people to come back to the Song Dynasty to welcome Wen Wen. He hurried to the palace and forgot to take off his shoes. When king Qi rebuked him and got up, he was ready to cook. According to the twenty-five years of Zuo Zhuan AI Gong, "Wei Hou and all the doctors drank wine, and Chu Shi Zi (GE Shi) ascended the mat, and the public anger and halberd said," you must break your feet. " The above two cases were caused by broken feet due to not taking off their shoes. At that time, only the close ministers with high respect for the palace could have special treatment for wearing shoes on the hall and seeing the king.

In the Qin and Han Dynasties, Zhou Dai also inherited the custom of not wearing shoes into the room, not wearing shoes into the house, and having to take off shoes outside the stairs and barefoot into the house. According to the new preface, Qin II, Hu Hai, invited a few people to feast, and served with wine. All of you first gave food. After Hu Hai went down the stairs, he looked at the shoes that the ministers had taken off. If they found out that they had worn out for years, they were immediately expelled from the banquet.

In the Western Han Dynasty, we still inherited the etiquette and custom of taking off from outside. There is such a depiction of the banquet in Shiji biography: "the evening wine bottle, the wine bottle, the men and women sit in the same place." It is the scene of the banquet when the banquet is placed outside the door. Moreover, "Han Shu Juan biography" contains: "victory is directly referred to as" living in the house ". Once, Wen Juan does not doubt it. Because he has a reputation, he is in a hurry to go out to meet him. Teacher Gu said, "you can't follow and say," Because time is rushing, the door outside is not straight, it is dragged along. This shows that there is still a common saying in outdoor homes.

In Han Dynasty, it was also stipulated that the guilty person was not allowed to perform. "Han Shu Kuang Heng biography" contains: "the balance is free from the crown and the crime is to be punished." Besides, "Dong Xian biography": "(Xian)". This proves that all those who are punished are enough.

In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, they had to take off their feet and bare feet. "Wei Shu Cao Zhen Chuan" has a sentence of "giving sword to perform on the upper hall", indicating that the upper hall must be taken off. It is far away from home, still accustomed to indoor off the track, "the original biography" note: "Tai Zhu North levy, the original to Tong ye, Tai Zhuge surprise, come up, far to welcome the original." The story says: "Prince and son respect brothers, sit together in a hall, suddenly lose their temper, son and then walk away, do not panic to take action. Zi Jing helps the waiter out. In this case, "no fear of taking action" is a proof of the necessity of entering the room. Besides, Xie Jai was lying on the back of summer, and Xie Gong came early in the morning, so he could not afford to dress and go out. "The last sentence also illustrates the custom of going into the house at the time. {page_break}

In the norms of etiquette, such as in the northern and Southern Dynasties, there are differences in etiquette as well. Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties expressed their respect and clogs with the help of ancient instruments. All main occasions, such as visiting friends, banquets, etc., must be worn and not worn. Otherwise, they are considered to be "slow in appearance." The book of Qi Shu Cai Yue contains: caiyue is reused for Gao Zu. It shows that Cai Yu has the privilege of living in a heavy position. "Notes from eastern Guangdong" contains: Guangzhou men's frivolous people, long skirts and scattered cages, all of them are called "skirts and cages".

In the Tang Dynasty, the custom of getting rid of shoes had changed, but on some occasions there was still the custom of taking off shoes. "Fa Yuan Zhu Lin" 28: "if the white clothes, many boots shoes are proud. When you enter the temple, you do not work, if you enter the Buddhist hall, you must get rid of it.

Little shoes and big life

Tiger shoe is a kind of children's shoes. It is called tiger head shoes because of the appearance of tiger head. Tiger head shoes are complex in work. Only needles, embroidery, seeds and other needles are needed on tiger heads. The color of shoe upper is red and yellow, and tiger mouth, eyebrows, nose and eyes are often outlined by rough lines, exaggerating the strength of the tiger. When making folk shoes, they often use rabbit hair to make shoes. Tigers, tiger eyes and other edges, red and yellow. White and mixed, clear outline. The child put on tiger's shoes and lips, and rabbit hair floated in the wind. Tiger shoe shoes have a large sole, and nine hollow flowers are called nine circles, meaning "nine sons ten Cheng".

The time to wear tiger shoes is about one year old. At this time children eager to try, want to walk, but also can not do without the help of adults. At this time, parents wear children's shoes to their children. It is good for children to be down-to-earth. A more important reason is that people think that tiger is the king of animals. Wearing tiger shoes can prevent evil and protect peace, and protect children from healthy adults.