Do A Good Job In Xinjiang'S "Cotton" Article

In September 1995, according to the directives of the State Council, I went to Xinjiang for 15 days of cotton production research with the leadership of the Committee. I went through several cotton producing counties in Kashi, Akesu, Turpan, Shihezi and other prefectures, and traveled more than 3000 kilometers.

Back to Beijing, he drafted the "95" period in Xinjiang. cotton After the approval of the leaders of the State Council, the state launched the Xinjiang cotton base construction. Time flies, 15 years in a twinkling. In May this year, we went to the southern Xinjiang of Xinjiang to see that the cotton base has made brilliant achievements. However, under the new situation, the problems faced are also very severe. In the long run, we must take effective measures to support Xinjiang's cotton base and cotton industry.

The author says so

achievement

"Westward shift of cotton" creates brilliance

Looking back to the early 80s of last century, the main cotton producing areas in China were concentrated in the Hebei, Shandong and Henan provinces and the Yangtze River Basin, which accounted for more than 80% of the total area and output of the whole country. However, with the change of international and domestic situation, such as the state has adjusted the cotton purchase policy, cotton diseases and insect pests are heavier, and the comparative advantage of cotton planting has declined. Cotton production in China's main producing areas is lingering and production fluctuates frequently. Like 1985~1994, cotton production in the 3 provinces of Hebei, Shandong and Henan lingered between 2 million 930 thousand tons and ~200 million tons, with the lowest annual output falling to 1 million 260 thousand tons (1993).

While cotton production in Hebei and Shandong declined, cotton production in Xinjiang increased. Its area and output increased rapidly, from 2 million 250 thousand mu and 55 thousand tons in 80s to 11 million 247 thousand mu and 882 thousand tons in 1994, accounting for 20% of the whole country and ranking first in the country. In early 1995, Xinjiang proposed to the State Council the idea of establishing a Xinjiang high quality cotton production base.

In order to ensure that the state grasps the stable cotton resources and takes into account the regional advantages, the State Council has decided to readjust the layout of the whole cotton production and implement the strategy of "shifting the cotton to the west" after launching a thorough investigation and assignment of the relevant ministries and commissions, and has launched the construction of the high quality cotton base in Xinjiang.

After the project was launched, Xinjiang mobilized the whole region to actively promote the project construction. What is particularly worth mentioning is that in the Asian financial crisis which erupt in 1998, Xinjiang has withstood all kinds of pressure, unswervingly built a cotton base, and continuously improved the comprehensive production capacity of cotton. By the end of the "95" period, Xinjiang's cotton planting area reached 15 million mu, with a total output of nearly 1 million 500 thousand tons, and the area and output accounted for 25% and 33% of the total respectively.

Up to now, Xinjiang cotton Base is a key agricultural project supported by the state from 95 to 11th Five-Year, which is supported by 3 consecutive 5 year plans. It is the longest project in a single province and single crop in the 60 years since the founding of the people's Republic of China. In the past 15 years, the state has invested 2 billion 500 million yuan in the central budget capital construction fund, 7 billion 800 million yuan in bank loans and local self raised funds, a total of 4 million mu of new cultivated land, 5 million 400 thousand mu in the middle and low yield fields, 17 reservoirs in the newly built and reinforcement reservoirs, 5480 wells in the wells, and 60 thousand kilometers in the construction of an anti-seepage canal system, which provides a fundamental guarantee for the comprehensive production capacity of cotton.

Throughout the 15 years of Xinjiang cotton base construction process, great achievements. It is embodied in the following aspects:

It has provided adequate supply for China's cotton spinning industry. raw material 。 In the past 15 years, Xinjiang's cotton output has increased from 880 thousand tons to 3 million tons, an increase of 2.4 times. During the "11th Five-Year" period, the cotton planting area in Xinjiang was stable at more than 21 million mu, and the output of cotton remained at 250~300 million tons. Among them, 2007 was the highest in history, and the area and yield of cotton reached 26 million 700 thousand mu and about 3000000 tons respectively. Since 2003, a total of about 18000000 tons of cotton has been transferred, exceeding the about 2000000 tons of cotton imports in the same period. This has effectively supported the rapid development of China's cotton spinning industry and laid the foundation for maintaining the self-sufficiency rate of domestic cotton 70%.

Relying on science and technology to increase yield and quality. Specifically, the first is to solve the problem of high sugar content of cotton in Xinjiang. Agricultural researchers in Xinjiang have reduced the internal sugar content of cotton fibers by popularizing early maturing varieties of cotton and promoting early maturing techniques. Using aphid integrated control technology to effectively control pests and diseases, reduce the pollution of aphid exudates to cotton bolls, thus solving the problem of cotton spinning around leather roller and leather circles in Xinjiang spinning, eliminating the hidden danger of spinning process and product quality. At the same time, the cost of textile (high sugar cotton and sugar reducing agent) is increased, and the cost is increased by 100 yuan per ton. Two, we should popularize low density early cultivation and drip irrigation under mulch, so as to raise cotton yield per unit area. In the first 4 years of 11th Five-Year, the cotton yield per unit area in Xinjiang increased by more than 26% over 1995. In 2009, it had reached 119 kg, an increase of 33% over 1995, which was higher than that of the rest of the country, with an average yield of 35 kg. Among them, the average production per unit area reached 155 kg, and the drip irrigation technology under the mulch in Kashi area, the highest yield per cotton reached 200 kg.

- changing the mode of production. The main achievements are as follows: first, popularize water-saving irrigation technology, the demonstration area of efficient water saving in cotton field reaches 2 million 250 thousand mu, and cotton field saves 1 billion 580 million cubic meters per year, effectively promoting the rational allocation of water resources and scientific and rational allocation of water and fertilizer, thus promoting the efficient water-saving process of Xinjiang agriculture. The two is to popularize mechanized cotton picking technology. At the end of "95", the Corps popularized cotton picking technology has been applied in 40 farms, forming a technical system of machinery manufacturing maintenance, breeding, chemical defoliation, machine harvesting and processing, and rebuilding and expanding 81 machine picked cotton to clean and produce processing lines. At present, the area of machine harvested cotton has reached 1 million 740 thousand mu, and the machine yield has reached 23%, which greatly reduces labor intensity, improves labor productivity and reduces production cost.

- improving the initial processing and storage capacity of cotton. First, the ability of ginning is greatly improved. In 1995, Xinjiang's ginning capacity was 930 thousand tons, now reaching 4 million 500 thousand tons, an increase of more than 4 times, to meet the needs of raw cotton production. Two is to promote cotton quality inspection system reform through technological transformation of cotton ginning enterprises. More than 90% of the 858 cotton ginning enterprises in the region have completed the upgrading of the production line, and replaced the cotton packing equipment of the processing enterprises. The original 85 kg cotton bag type has been changed to 227 kg of the international common package, which is convenient for instrument inspection, reducing processing cost, and improving the quality and efficiency of processing. At the same time, the new cotton textile fiber notarization inspection institution has improved the authority and credibility of cotton fiber inspection. In 2009, 70% cotton in Xinjiang was notarized. Three, cotton reserves have been significantly enhanced. Xinjiang has built 13 storehouses and 120 thousand square meters of storeroom for cotton transshipment. Its reserve capacity has increased from 104 thousand tons in 1995 to 960 thousand tons, accounting for 38% of the total cotton output. At the same time, it also solves the problems of long distance cotton transportation, large number of transshipment, large quantity of cotton stored in open air, mildew and rot, and quality loss. Now the southern Xinjiang has formed a cotton transportation corridor along Bachu, Akesu, Korla and Turpan, with nearly 2 million tons of cotton transported annually. {page_break}

- promoting the capacity development of cotton spinning industry. The rapid growth of cotton production has attracted the entry of mainland enterprises to Xinjiang, which has led to the development of cotton spinning capacity in the mainland. Since 2000, Xinjiang's cotton textile industry has developed rapidly, with more than 89 cotton textile enterprises above Designated Size, spinning capacity of about 4 million spindles, and spinning capacity ranks the first in 12 western provinces (regions), with an annual output of nearly 400 thousand tons of cotton yarn. With Hongkong's Yida, Zhejiang YOUNGOR, Tiansheng and other 20 well-known textile enterprises settled in Xinjiang, it has promoted the local cotton textile industry technology and equipment level and product quality improvement.

To sum up, we can see that after 15 years of efforts, cotton has become an important pillar industry of Xinjiang's economy. The output value of raw cotton reached 30 billion yuan, accounting for 65% of the output value of agriculture in the whole Xinjiang and the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery 1/3. Cotton income accounted for 35% of the total income of farmers in the whole region, accounting for 60% of the total income of the main producing areas in southern Xinjiang. The output value of cotton processing accounted for 60%~80% of the industrial output value of Xinjiang, and 15% of the total revenue in Xinjiang and 50% of the cotton producing counties came from cotton and related industries.

Analysis

Cotton production should not be a "loss making business".

While fully recognizing the brilliant achievements made by Xinjiang cotton base in the past 15 years, we should also clearly see that along with the development of the economy, the changes of the market environment, the adjustment of the rural economic structure, and the policy orientation of the state towards the agricultural products, Xinjiang's cotton industry is facing many new problems.

Income instability affects cotton planting enthusiasm

During the "95" period, the high income of cotton planting is the main reason for the rapid development of cotton production in Xinjiang. But in recent years, with the rising cost of cotton planting, the support of the state to food production and the development of forest and fruit industry, the comparative benefits of cotton have gradually declined. Specifically, from the perspective of production cost, the average production cost per mu in Xinjiang in 2009 was 960 yuan, an increase of 80% over 2003, and labor cost increased by 1.5 times. According to the cash income, the cash income of cotton in 2004~2005 was about 600 yuan per mu, in 2007, it was 929 yuan / mu, and it fell to 555 yuan per mu in 2008 and 867.8 yuan per mu in 2009. In the same period, the cash income of wheat increased steadily from 280 yuan to 508 yuan. At the same time, it should be noted that although the cash yield per mu per mu in 2009 was higher than that in wheat, but the cotton employment was 50% more than the grain production and the labor intensity was great. After deducting the cost of labor and land, the net profit of cotton per mu was only about 350 yuan, which was basically the same as that of wheat. However, the minimum purchase price of wheat, the state's open acquisition, and full inventory and strong national regulation, the local government has no worries about it; and cotton prices are completely open, although there are temporary reserves measures, but the cotton industry chain length, and the international market price correlation is high, the import volume is large, the state's ability to control it is far less than that of wheat, and the market risk is big, the local government has doubts about this. Therefore, the author believes that the decline of cotton comparative efficiency will not only dampen the enthusiasm of cotton producers, but also shake the confidence of local governments in developing cotton production. As in 2009, the trend of "expanding wheat and pressing cotton" has already appeared in Xinjiang, and the cotton area has decreased by 4 million mu over the previous year. Nowadays, with the soaring cotton prices, the enthusiasm of farmers is still limited, and the area is only the same as last year. Area is the basis of output, and the reduction of area will directly affect cotton production.

In addition, because the implementation criteria of cotton purchase link are not strict, the interests of growers can not be guaranteed. At present, in addition to the large quantity of cotton sold, the regiment of the regiment has clearly put forward a price increase based on the value of the micron index. For the general producers, the index is nominal, and the quality of cotton can not be better priced.

Lag of R & D affects core competitiveness

During the "95" period, Xinjiang cotton was famous for its long velvet, white color, good evenness and "three silk". The varieties of new Lu Zao 5, 6, 8 and CMM 12 and 19 played a decisive role in improving yield and improving quality. However, since the "fifteen" has been lagging behind in the research and development of varieties, the main varieties are not outstanding. Although some new varieties with high yield have been selected, there are no breakthroughs in adaptability, resistance and disease resistance, and the quality of cotton is also not strong. The quality of long staple cotton is much different from that of Egyptian cotton. This is also one of the reasons why Xinjiang cotton has a large amount of output but has no say in price.

Advantages of raw cotton do not form cotton spinning advantage

First, cotton processing industry chain is short, primary products are many. At present, Xinjiang's cotton output accounts for 40% of the country's total, and the textile scale accounts for 6% of the country's total, ranking the first in 12 western provinces, while cotton yarn accounts for only 1.5% of the country's total. In 2009, Xinjiang textile industry sales accounted for only 0.5% of the national textile industry's revenue, and the production capacity and efficiency did not match. Most enterprises mainly produce primary products, and their output value accounts for 80% of the output value of textile industry in Xinjiang.

The two is the high cost of production. Although the monthly wages of workers are lower than 30% of the mainland's industry, but because of the low level of workers' skills, for example, Xinjiang textile enterprises employ 120 workers, which is higher than 20% of the national average. In 2009, the average profit margin of cotton textile enterprises above Designated Size in Xinjiang is only 1.05%, which is 3 percentage points lower than the national average.

Policy support is still insufficient.

In the past 15 years, the state has given great support to the cotton base in Xinjiang. In addition to the investment in production base construction, it has also given financial subsidies to fine varieties, insurance premiums, freight and other products such as cotton and cotton yarn. However, in recent years, the state has continuously increased the support policy of grain production, changed the price of grain and cotton, and reduced the comparative efficiency of cotton. It is summed up as "one less", "one higher" and "one lower". {page_break}

The so-called "one less", that is, less comprehensive subsidies for agricultural products. The provincial scale of the comprehensive subsidy fund for agricultural production is based on the index of grain production and takes account of other crops. The particularity of the main cotton producing areas in Xinjiang is not fully considered. Hebei, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Anhui and Hubei provinces are both the main cotton producing provinces and the main grain producing provinces. The cotton area is only 7%~13% of the grain area. The comprehensive subsidy fund of agricultural materials can basically cover most parts of the province. But Xinjiang is the largest cotton producing area, but it is only the grain balance area. The cotton area in 2006~2008 is about 25 million mu, which is 1.2 times the grain sown area. Due to the low grain planting area, most of the areas in Xinjiang do not enjoy comprehensive subsidies for agricultural production. The cost income information of agricultural products shows that the subsidized income of cotton per mu in Xinjiang is only 6.78 yuan, which is 45% of the national average (15 yuan), and 20% of Henan and Jiangsu (33 yuan).

The so-called "one high" is the high tax burden of enterprises. As cotton textile industry in Xinjiang is mainly cotton (value-added tax is 4 percentage points different from the sales tax rate), and 60% of the raw material of the mainland is chemical fiber (the implementation of industrial value-added tax flat Deduction Policy), resulting in the cotton textile industry value-added tax burden level higher than the mainland, in 2009 cotton textile enterprises should pay the value-added tax burden 3.3%, higher than the national textile industry 1.1 percentage points.

And "one low" means freight subsidy is relatively low. Xinjiang is far away from the cotton main selling market. The state gives a freight subsidy of 400 yuan per ton to Xinjiang cotton. According to the calculation of the agricultural sector, such a subsidy can be transported to Tianjin port. If transported to Guangzhou is still 200 yuan, the actual freight rate of the Xinjiang cotton yarn has reached 850 yuan per ton. The problem of freight within the territory is also very prominent. In the southern part of Xinjiang, the volume of cotton accounts for about 2/3 of the total area, with a large amount of outbound traffic. The most western part of Kashi is more than 1000 kilometers longer than the northern Xinjiang, and the freight cost needs to increase by 500 yuan. The transportation cost has weakened the competitiveness of the cotton in the southern Xinjiang.

Suggestions

There is still a long way to go to enhance competitiveness of Xinjiang's cotton industry.

The achievements made by Xinjiang's cotton base are inseparable from the support of the state. It is also the wisdom and sweat of the cadres and masses of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang. In the future, the task of consolidating and developing the cotton base in Xinjiang and enhancing the competitiveness of Xinjiang's cotton industry is still very arduous, and the author puts forward the following suggestions: first, increase the support of Xinjiang's cotton industry. We should increase the financial support for infrastructure, production base and industrial development on the premise of scientifically and rationally formulating the "12th Five-Year" development plan of Xinjiang cotton base, making clear the development objectives, layout, tasks and key projects. On the basis of the interests of the Corps, taking into account the relationship between the upstream and downstream industries, taking into account the development of water resources and the protection of the ecological environment, we should rush ahead with a number of "choking" projects to break through the bottleneck constraints of the southern Xinjiang River and create conditions for the next extension of the cotton industry chain. In the construction of the base areas, we should strengthen investment in research facilities, high-yield cultivation and water-saving technologies, improve the conditions for scientific research, increase the production of medium and low yield fields, support the development of water-saving irrigation in cotton fields, and improve the irrigation canal system in the cotton fields. In the aspect of industrial development, combined with the adjustment and revitalization plan of the textile industry, we should clearly define the development orientation of Xinjiang's textile industry, increase the support for the national technological transformation special funds to support the technological progress of Xinjiang's textile industry, and build high-quality cotton, cotton and cotton textile bases. Specifically, infrastructure should be taken into account. For example, in the financial subsidy policy, we should give a special support to Xinjiang's cotton industry in view of the special position of Xinjiang in China's cotton production. We should give regional support policies to Xinjiang's cotton industry according to the northeast food policy. At the same time, we should expand the financial subsidy to cotton production and marketing, integrate the cotton production into the comprehensive subsidy scope of agricultural subsidies, and approve the subsidy amount according to the cotton area.

Second, establish a long-term mechanism for cotton storage and storage in Xinjiang as soon as possible. It is recommended that, with reference to a number of opinions on the development of supporting poultry industry and the prevention and control plan for the prevention of excessive falls in pig prices, study and formulate plans for regulating and controlling the purchase and sale of cotton in Xinjiang, change the current annual cotton policy policy in Xinjiang, and gradually establish a regulative mechanism for the purchase and sale of cotton in Xinjiang. On the basis of respecting the laws of the market and giving full play to the role of the market mechanism, we should regulate the market supply and demand, guide market expectations, prevent cotton production and price fluctuations, enhance the timeliness of policies, stabilize cotton production expectations, and relieve the worries of Xinjiang's development of cotton production. In order to protect and mobilize farmers' enthusiasm for cotton planting, we should formulate early warning index system and relevant price policy on the basis of avoiding excessive intervention in market prices and taking into account the reasonable gains of cotton farmers. In view of the relatively closed geographical position of Xinjiang, cotton accounts for a significant proportion of the whole country, and other provinces (regions) can not compare it. It is suggested that a countercyclical subsidy system with target price as the core should be tried in Xinjiang. When the market price is lower than the target price, the price difference will be directly subsidized to cotton farmers, which not only embodies the government intervention but also guarantees the cotton farmers' income and does not affect the competitiveness of textile exports.

Third, we should strengthen research on cultivar development and cultivation techniques, and enhance the core competitiveness of cotton in Xinjiang. We should fully tap the resources superiority of the cotton cotton series to resist Fusarium wilt, and make breakthroughs in Cotton Varieties with disease resistance; select the resources of early maturing varieties with potential, and match the high yield with the growth cycle to solve the long growing problem of cotton in the southern Xinjiang. We should speed up the screening of the existing cotton varieties and solve the problems of variety. We should strengthen the development of long staple cotton to meet the raw material needs of high-end products.

Fourth, we should give full play to the exemplary and leading role of the corps to create a modern cotton industry. The corps should play an exemplary role in water-saving irrigation and advancing agricultural mechanization. It should promote efficient water-saving technology and dryland technology as a starting point to transform traditional production methods and promote modern agriculture, and achieve cost saving and synergy. We should promote cotton picking technology as an important step to speed up intensive and socialized services, strengthen standardization and standardized production technology research, and form a unique mode in Xinjiang. At the same time, we should strictly implement the state purchase standard, realize the high quality and high price of products, and gradually form the common interest of cotton distribution enterprises and cotton farmers, and build modern production and marketing mode. BINGTUAN should constantly improve its own production capacity and enhance its radiative driving capability to the surrounding rural areas. It will truly become the leader of the modern cotton industry in Xinjiang, and create a modern cotton industry so that the whole cotton production can reach a new level.

Finally, the cotton spinning industry in Xinjiang will be developed step by step. Xinjiang should actively develop downstream industries and gradually turn raw cotton into cotton yarn and related products. Among them, the infrastructure conditions in Northern Xinjiang are favorable and the conditions for accelerating development can attract large conglomerates in the mainland to move their industrial chain to Xinjiang's development and build an industrial chain with close links and coordinated development across the region. In the South Xinjiang, the poor infrastructure conditions should seize the favorable opportunity of the provinces to help Xinjiang, and actively improve the infrastructure in southern Xinjiang, strengthen vocational training of workers and employment training for young rural labor force, so as to create conditions for the extension of the cotton industrial chain in the future.

(the author is deputy director of the Agricultural Development Department of the national development and Reform Commission)

Location

The role of Xinjiang in the layout of cotton production can not be replaced by {page_break}

Xinjiang is located in the western region, which occupies 1/6 of our country's territory. It has an important strategic position in China. This year's central Xinjiang work symposium has clearly pointed out that in promoting the leaping development of Xinjiang, we should pay attention to cultivating superior industries and increasing local hematopoietic functions. Cotton is a pillar industry in Xinjiang and an important source of farmers' income. It plays a decisive role in the economic development of Xinjiang. Consolidating the achievements of cotton base construction and developing the cotton industry will help enhance Xinjiang's self-development ability, enhance the hematopoietic function of the ethnic areas, and promote the leaping development of Xinjiang. At the same time, the cotton base in Xinjiang has important strategic significance for protecting China's industrial safety, optimizing the layout of planting industry and promoting social stability in southern Xinjiang.

First of all, from the protection of industrial safety. Textile industry is a traditional pillar industry and an important livelihood industry of our national economy. It is also an obvious industry in China's international competition. After China's accession to the WTO, the abolition of textile export quotas has provided huge market space for the export of textile enterprises in China. Statistics show that China's fiber processing accounts for 48% of the world's total. In recent years, the price of oil has driven the price of chemical fiber, which has promoted the ratio of cotton to cotton. The proportion of cotton and chemical fiber has reached 1:1 in cotton spinning industry. At present, with the revival of the global economy and the rising demand for textiles, domestic cotton demand will continue to grow. In 2004~2006, China's annual cotton imports increased from less than 2 million tons to 3 million 640 thousand tons, and the import dependency increased from 28% to 38%. After 2006, the import volume decreased gradually and the import dependency dropped to below 20% due to the increase in cotton production in Xinjiang. It can be seen that if there is no support from Xinjiang cotton, China's dependence on the international cotton market will exceed 50%, and the cotton industry will repeat the mistakes of the soybean and oil industry.

Secondly, from the perspective of agricultural production pattern. Xinjiang's role in cotton production in China is irreplaceable and its weight is increasing. In recent years, the chemical industry in Hebei, Shandong, Henan and the Yangtze River Basin has been quickening the pace of chemical industry, and cities, industries and agriculture are competing for land. The contradiction between land and agriculture is very acute because of the three major crops of grain, cotton and oil. In addition, there are many opportunities for farmers to work and get jobs in these areas, and the factors such as high level of mechanization of grain crops, labor-saving and labor saving have made it difficult to stabilize the cotton area. However, the contradiction between cotton and grain and oil and other staple crops in Xinjiang area is not prominent, and there is great potential for development. In addition, as the only long staple cotton producing area in the country, with the upgrading of cotton textile products and the increasing demand for long staple cotton, the author believes that Xinjiang's position in the cotton production in Xinjiang will become more prominent in the future. Its role is irreplaceable.

Finally, from the perspective of maintaining social stability. The economic development in southern Xinjiang is lagging behind, employment opportunities are scarce, and labor force is abundant. Young people working on the coast of the minority nationalities are faced with practical problems such as inconvenience in language, habits and customs, and marriage. The cotton output accounts for 70% of the total output in the southern Xinjiang, and the raw materials are abundant. The development of the local cotton textile industry can create more job opportunities. In situ consumption of raw cotton is the most realistic development industry and the way to achieve employment. It is also the best way to increase the income of local farmers.

facts on file

"Cotton is a treasure all over the body." It is not only the most important fiber crop, but also an important oil crop. It is also a high protein food crop. It is also a textile, fine chemical raw material and important strategic material. Therefore, efforts must be made to increase cotton production, improve comprehensive utilization, increase production and increase value, so as to increase the income of cotton farmers and meet the needs of various aspects of national economic development.