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Introduction To Materials And Techniques Of Modern Sports Shoes

2014/1/13 16:32:00 54

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> span style= "font-size: small" > /span > the development of modern shoe making industry has led to the revolution of" /span "less than" Hou ".

Material selection is the key to making a good pair of shoes.

Generally speaking, sneakers are divided into three parts: outsole, midsole and vamp.

The selection of these three parts is different.

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> the materials in the outsole are mainly rubber: providing friction and wear resistance, the first line of defense for external shocks.

Usually there are several kinds of materials -- carbon rubber, a material with excellent wear-resistant properties, and the only rubber that leaves the impression.

Generally used for running shoes.

Add carbon fiber to the rubber and compress it to make it wear resistant and anti-skid, and increase grip.

> hard rubber; the most commonly used rubber.

Stable performance, wear resistance and skid resistance.

It's often used in basketball shoes and all-around shoes.

It contains 60% synthetic rubber and 40% natural rubber to compress and wear resistance.

> span style= "font-size: medium" > hard rubber technology and application (upper), rubber is mixed with a large amount of sulfur, and vulcanized rubber can be obtained after vulcanization.

Diene rubber such as natural rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber and nitrile rubber can be vulcanized into vulcanized rubber.

In addition, rubber containing vinyl can be made of sulfur free hard rubber at high temperature (200-300 degree), high pressure and no oxygen under the condition of not matching sulfur.

> span style= "font-size: medium" > hard rubber is a black, hard substance at room temperature. It has good chemical stability. It is not easy to be aged at room temperature. It has excellent chemical resistance and corrosion resistance to organic solvents, low water absorbency, high tensile strength and breaking strength, and excellent electrical insulation properties.

The main disadvantage of hard rubber is its brittleness. The products are easily fractured when subjected to impact. They are also limited in sunlight or ultraviolet color. The hard rubber can be used to manufacture electrical insulating products. It is mainly used for chemical corrosion resistant tanks, pipes, pumps lining, storage tank shell and pen tongue.

The film made of microporous hard rubber is widely used in the separator of positive and negative batteries.

Hard rubber also has special vocal performance, which can be used for musical instruments and clarinet.

Hard rubber has better bond strength with metals, so it is commonly used as a bonding layer for bonding soft rubber to metal, making rubber rollers, light load solid tyres and chemical linings.

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" wear resistant rubber "; therefore, it is a tough and durable rubber.

It is especially suitable for making tennis shoes.

The synthetic rubber mainly made of hard rubber is compacted and has good wear resistance. < --StartFragment > > /span > /p >

> natural rubber (upper), soft but not wearable.

But its excellent friction is used to make some indoor sports shoes, such as volleyball and badminton.

> compressed by natural rubber and synthetic rubber, soft and flexible. /p >

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> environment-friendly rubber, a wear-resistant material containing 10% recycled rubber.

It can reduce the waste of rubber and play the role of environmental protection. Inflatable rubber; air containing rubber.

When impacted by external forces, the gas in the rubber is pressed out, which has a certain slow action.

An artificial soft rubber provides light weight, shockproof effect and increased grip.

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> span style= "font-size: medium" > sticky rubber for body building shoes, climbing shoes and so on. It has good skid resistance.

(shoe upper here introduces a Spanish brand Boreal, which is a brand specializing in the production of rock climbing shoes.

Introduce this understanding of sticky rubber.

Since 40 years ago, when the specialized climbing shoes were first released, the viscosity of the soles used was not high. Until 1988, when Boreal accidentally noticed that the tyres of the formula one sports car were highly sticky, they thought that using this kind of high viscosity rubber to make climbing shoes, so the world's first pair of high viscosity soles climbing shoes "Fire" was published.

The appearance of "Fire" has greatly shocked the world's rock climbing circles, because the viscosity of "Fire" is very high, and the extremely difficult rock walls in the past are easy to get up at the same time, which greatly improves the technology of rock climbers.

Meanwhile, other manufacturers have also launched their high viscosity soles, thus creating a high viscosity climbing shoe soles.

Today, Boreal's sticky soles have progressed to the third generation of Fusion S-3.

Performance is much better than before, and Boreal has become the world's leading rock climbing shoe manufacturer and the best choice for rock climbers.

High viscosity rubber.

The high viscosity soles have progressed to the third generation so far. The new formula Fusion S-3 adhesive, besides having higher viscosity than the previous generation, has a good performance in wear resistance.

The middle sole is mainly rubber and plastic.

Function: providing cushioning, stability and bending is the most important part of shoes.

EVA - foam material with light and cost bottom.

EVA plastic particles are heated and foamed first, with a rough surface and light texture. (upper) /p >

> light weight material developed by EVA.

Materials with light weight, flexible texture and slightly higher cost.

It is easy to identify because it produces tiny wrinkles.

The PHYLON plastic particles are heated and foamed first and then pressed into the model for pressure cooling. The surface is white and wrinkled, providing light weight and shock resistance.

The microporous rubber and Phylon, polyurethane composite material can effectively absorb vibration caused by walking and slow down the fatigue of the sole.

PHYLON, in addition to its general EVA/PHYLON shock absorption function and rubber outsole wear resistance, it is lightweight and elegant in appearance, and has excellent rebound performance. It provides a good energy return.

We can verify it by elastic experiments: the same weight steel balls fall from the same height to different PHYLON/EVA, and the steel balls falling on the PHYLON are much higher than other materials.

- polyamine ester (upper); medium base material is the most tenacious and highest strength.

Smooth, and has a rubber texture.

This is the most widely used material and the most important material in the bottom.

Because new materials are produced on the basis of the material itself or by combining with other materials.

So this material is very important for the manufacturing process of sports shoes! PU foam is dissolved into gelatin and then heated into the model to make foaming, smooth surface, time will turn yellow and corrosion, provide shock absorption and stability; polyurethane basic uses 1: clothing sports products; polyurethane has changed the style of clothing, playing a role in our life.

Its representative products are elastic, flexible, elastic and flexible spandex elastic fibers.

Besides being used in powder puffs, pantyhose and socks for ladies' make-up, they are also used in ski shirts and bathing suits to make the most of their elongation.

In terms of skiing, yachting and other sporting goods, polyurethane coatings are selected for their excellent wear resistance and weather resistance.

The rigid foam with light weight and good abrasion resistance is used as core material for skiing boards and surfboards. The polyurethane elastomers with excellent elasticity and wear resistance are used as sole of sports shoes.

2: daily necessities; in the bedroom products, polyurethane products display their comfort.

Polyurethane paint has beautiful luster on the surface of musical instruments such as furniture and piano, and plays a strong protective role.

Soft foam is used as the most commonly used cushion material and healthy bedding for dispersing human pressure.

In terms of kitchen supplies, rigid foam is applied to heat insulation materials such as refrigerators.

Polyurethane resins with good adhesion to plastic films are used as food packaging adhesives.

It also has applications in sealing materials, diapers and physiological products of water purifier.

Polyurethane elastomers, which are harmless to human body, are also expanding in their uses.

In addition, in our lives, polyurethane, synthetic leather, foam and so on are made into bags and shoes, which are well received for their natural style and durability.

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> classification of polyurethane (upper) is divided into three categories: mixing rubber (M-PUR), casting glue (C-PUR), hot molding (T-PUR).

The rubber compound is made from polyol and isocyanate to form solid gel polymer and then processed by traditional process.

Pouring glue -- using the polyol, isocyanate, chain extender and other coordination agents to synthesize linear liquid polymer by two steps or one-step process, pouring into the mold during processing, heating and curing, and converting it into a rubber like solid with a certain network structure.

This method has many advantages and develops faster.

Thermoforming - linear polymer formed by reaction of polyol and isocyanate and processed into granular solids with thermoplasticity.

The finished products are directly produced by processing equipment and working procedures of thermoplastics.

This method develops fastest in polyurethane rubber.

The disadvantage of this kind of rubber is its poor oil resistance and heat resistance, and its mechanical properties are not as good as C-PUR's.

The characteristics of polyurethane rubber are strong abrasion resistance, excellent mechanical and mechanical properties, large hardness range, wide modulus range, good oil resistance and low temperature resistance, good radiation resistance and ozone resistance.

> span style= "font-size: medium" > thermoplastic polyurethane rubber mainly consists of isocyanates, polyols and diols or two amine chain extender three basic raw materials for addition reaction products.

In the synthesis of T-PUR, the following points should be noted in the selection of isocyanates: 1. The use of isocyanate with symmetrical structure: 2, the hydrolysis of chlorinated isocyanates should be controlled in the range of 0.0001%~0.02%.

The content is too high, the reaction is too slow, the molding time is long, the surface is not smooth, the content is too low, the reaction is too fast, the product has cracks: 3, the degree is high, the harmful isomer content is few.

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> span style= "font-size: medium" > POLIYOU insole has the following characteristics: 1. the material itself has good permeability and hygroscopicity.

The POLIYOU insole is first made of an open PU material, and has more than 90% circulation holes. The good permeability is more than 5 times that of the ordinary sponge. It can effectively absorb and discharge the sweat from the feet.

Avoid moisture coming from the insole to the feet and keep the feet dry: 2.POLIYOU shoes contain new antibacterial, odorant and cooling properties.

The addition of activated carbon with strong deodorizing effect has a wide range of bactericidal areas, which involves Gram-positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria, fungi (mold, yeast) and algae, and so on, which can effectively deodorize the bacteria by killing them.

Because the added deodorizing capacity of the activated carbon is directly added in the manufacturing process, it can ensure that shoes are not smelly, and is effective for 3.POLIYOU. The antibacterial agents in POLIYOU products are chemically combined on the surface of POLIYOU sponges and fibers, and the antibacterial coating is insoluble in water and general dry cleaning solvents. It is temperature and humidity resistant, and the antibacterial effect is durable.

After adopting the washing test method of FJ-54P-85 standard issued by China's Ministry of textiles, after ten times of washing, the bacteriostasis rate still maintains a fairly high level, the compression resistance and high elasticity of 4.POLIYOU material.

POLIYOU material is excellent in compression and abrasion resistance due to its main component is elastic and strong polyurethane. Other materials are difficult to compare with it.

The high elasticity of POLIYOU comes from its own modified PU material. Its elasticity is much more than that of closed or semi open material. At the same time, it can always maintain its original shape, and it will never fatigue. It can make both feet get better protection when walking, running or standing for a long time. / P >

> span style= "font-size: medium" > Upper vamp] (upper function: provide support, protection, breathability, and ensure feet are placed in the right place.

Leather - leather, comfortable and fit, recognized by consumers as valuable.

But its extensibility leads to easy deformation.

Real leather (Leather) - leather is characterized by flexibility, comfort, good surface tension, bioactivity and breathability. Now, many shoes that use genuine leather materials are of classic meaning and value.

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P Leather > span style= "font-size: medium" has always been a good material for making vamp. However, the characteristics of leather also cause its inherent defects in shoemaking. Good flexibility and extensibility often make it easy to deform and crease, and fracture. At the same time, the leather face of the cortex is easy to wear and scrape; the good biological characteristics of the respiratory skin make it face severe test under the moist and multi water environment. The strong leather leather upper is lack of strong support and body protection for the key vulnerable parts such as ankles, feet and so on.

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> span style= "font-size: medium >". On the other hand, in terms of technology, especially after the appearance of NIKE materials, cortical materials in processing and molding are often demanding and complex, thus increasing the cost of technology, or using the cortex is bound to be unable to completely get rid of the stitches. In the high-tech developed now, sewing is gradually becoming a defective past.

To put it simply, the characteristics of the cortex in terms of hard and soft are contradictory to shoemaking.

Choosing the right cortex, designing the shoe structure according to the characteristics of the cortical material is always the premise and key of the whole shoe design. On the one hand, we should give full play to the advantages of the genuine leather, and at the same time, we should improve the balance and enhance the support and reliability of the leather upper.

You can see that the classic shoe models used in the past were tested very strictly in selecting the cortex and attached to many extreme tests to meet the extreme test and to achieve a unified movement and comfort.

In very few shoes, leather is even used in insoles and insole making, which should help improve comfort.

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> span style= "font-size: medium" > synthetic leather superfine fiber and PU made of advanced artificial leather, looks very much like real leather, has the similar air permeability and softness quality as the genuine leather, but lighter than the genuine leather, and is not easy to wrinkle, easy to deform, has good supporting and abrasion resistance, and is easy to clean.

> span style= "font-size: medium >" nowadays, artificial rubbing (Synthetic Leather) or synthetic leather is commonly used. It has similar quality to leather, but lighter than leather and is not easy to deform. However, in general low price shoes, artificial leather has very limited performance and is often less robust.

A company has used its own proprietary technology in the patent leather of its own patent, and generally likes to use synthetic skin technology.

ADIDAS has used the newly developed artificial skin rubbing combination on KOBBE and KOBBE2. It is a great progress. It is beautiful, comfortable and suitable for feet. It can be said that in recent years, cortex is the best expression, but scratches easily occur. This is a common disease of artificial leather.

In addition, NIKE also uses double-layer lightweight synthetic leather upper in some shoes.

The combination of synthetic leather and dermis is now commonly used in combination with the advantages of the two technologies, such as the current PURE PROFILE MAX shoes.

In addition, the lightweight fur that is used on AIR PAYTON IV is similar to the goat skin, and is also a combination material often appearing in advanced footwear. It is a very comfortable and beautiful choice.

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> span style= "font-size: medium" > genuine leather, synthetic leather and synthetic materials have formed the core of different designs of different kinds of shoes.

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> span style= "font-size: medium" > cowhide leather (upper) is made of leather made of cowhide and then made of leather softened by polished rod. It has breathability and good supporting and wear resistance. /p >

> span style= "font-size: medium" > Suede- suede; animal cortex is treated by bristle, light and wear-resistant. /p >

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> span style= "font-size: medium" > Full Grain Ledather- leather leather made from the most wearable part of cowhide. It has breathability, good supporting and abrasion resistance and has a sense of worth.

> span style= "font-size: medium >" in the cortex, hard skin, generally black with pattern, glossy, some people directly and simply call the cowhide, can strengthen the hardness without affecting comfort, such as the skin on AIR MAX ELITE, so the hard leather skin and air holes, and then form a breathable pane, a reinforced rigid mesh formed pane, will breathe and strengthen the connection into one, is considered to be combined with all aspects of the characteristics of the gold portfolio, the design of shoes often have excellent versatile and rigid beauty.

At the same time, in the leather upper, often use radial, or sewing, design surface as reinforcement.

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Mesh" mesh cloth requires lightweight and breathable shoes, such as running shoes.

(upper) woven fabric made of Nylon- nylon or Polyster- polyester fabric, lightweight, breathable and easy to wear.

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> artificial fabric (mesh Mesh) -- a special shoe upper material used for lightweight and breathable shoes, such as running shoes.

Simply speaking, in fact, it is the upper made of cloth, but of course it is exercisable enhancement. In general, it uses special fibers and scientific high intensity network design. The weaving material with 3D mold has the best breathability and elasticity, making it easy to fit the feet. This is the more reason why NIKE now promotes shoes without shoes, and lightweight. At the same time, it can easily make use of various dyeing methods to make various fashionable personality styles. It can be said that every year NIKE has to use this series to raise a fashion trend, such as the current new element series.

In 2001, the fashion concept of weaving upper is put forward. It can be said that it is really a material of all kinds of tricks.

However, the defects of MESH are obvious. "Too soft" is basically not supportive. It is too sensitive to water and sweat, and it will be cut or broken. After all, it is cloth. So the mesh is usually used for shoes that need strong ventilation and light running shoes.

NIKE often uses MESH other TPU elastic structure, monkey claw, fishbone, claws and other support systems, such as butterflies in the wind and so on, and then applied to other shoes.

The two one is the dynamic 3D mesh Lycra spandex-mesh produced by 3D extension technology, which uses dynamic elastic fiber, just like the comfort material with strong stretch elasticity in every direction, which is widely used in almost all kinds of light running shoes such as Air Presto Gym new element series, Air Jet Flight, butterfly in the wind, Air and so on. It is actually only mature in the last two years. With the beginning of large-scale market, the single injection molding mesh fabric is more like cortex material than the above, combined with the common features and appearance of cloth fabric and cortex, and the representative work is the Mts. think of it, NIKE is really too good at drying all the juice of every design. Now, in general, mesh material is divided.

The shoe upper part of this material is improved and even waterproof.

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> span style= "font-size: medium" > ADIDAS in 2002 and the NIKE competition CLIMCOOL (Qingfeng series, 360 degree flow ventilation), one of the key links is to combine the mesh and other materials to design the whole shoe structure. Although there are a little commercial speculation, it is indeed a very good idea.

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> span style= "font-size: medium" > F.I.T NKIE patent cloth (upper). This is another breakthrough technology in NIKE, but it is not used for sports clothing, but also for sports apparel.

F.I.T. can help athletes fight against natural obstacles encountered in some sports, such as anti-inflammatory heat, cold and cold resistance, rain and snow resistance, and even against the sweat of athletes themselves.

The full writing of F.I.T. is Functional (utility), Innovative (innovation) and Technology (Technology). They are: /p >

> span style= "font-size: medium" > DRI-F.I.T. (perspiration patented cloth) - fast perspiration technology fiber, its super fine fiber inner layer waterproof, outer layer hydrophilic, can sweat quickly on the skin to the surface of the clothes, and quickly evaporate, keep the body dry and comfortable and body temperature constant.

THERMA-F.I.T. (warm patented cloth) - heat preservation technology fiber is a kind of double-sided brush fabric, which contains ultra-fine Velour polyester fiber, can effectively maintain body temperature, and get the best windshield and cold proof effect with the lightest weight and minimum volume, its light and warm characteristics are much better than traditional wool fabrics.

CLIMA-F.I.T. (water repellent patent cloth) - water resistant technology fiber, containing ultra-high water repellency polyester fiber, not only can prevent wind and rain, but also has excellent breathability.

STORM-F.I.T. (waterproof patent cloth) - designed for sports in extreme weather, it contains PU waterproof layer and GORE-TEX coating technology. It is resolutely waterproof and breathable, and can prevent rainwater, hail and snow from being used as raincoats.

Because of its high cost, the fabric is not available in the domestic market.

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> span style= "font-size: medium" > Lycra- lycra elastic cloth (upper) is used for upper or inner boots to make the cloth more elastic and more fit. The shoe made of lycra elastic cloth (LYCRA) is more convenient to wear and wear, and the soft middle sole can make the moving feet feel comfortable, stable and free of burden.

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> span style= "font-size: medium" > Gore-fex waterproofing cloth with waterproof effect, usually used for outdoor shoes in the autumn and winter.

> span style= "font-size: medium" > Foamposite - Nike shoe body material NIKE patent shoes body material, with high price and texture and comfort.

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> span style= "font-size: medium"; NIKE Foamposite - landmark landmark innovation technology, NIKE patent foam material, NIKE, relying on the application of this material technology once again throws the opponent far behind, it can be said that this shoe body material innovation has made a historic leap in all aspects, and painted the era demarcation number in front of the leather upper.

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> span style= "font-size: medium >" the synthetic material synthesized by chemical material technology is different from any cortex and rubber and combined with the characteristics of both. It surpasses other materials is its soft, tough, soft and hard best balance. On the one hand, it covers the feet, and changes with the softness of the parts of the feet, giving a very comfortable feeling, on the one hand maintains the hard characteristic, especially after the integrated design, provides the protection protection which the cortex can not provide directly.

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＜p＞＜span style="font-size: medium"＞在Foamposite出現(xiàn)以前，任何材料制作鞋面都給設計師提出了矛盾的尷尬，沒有一種材料能夠單獨全面的應付運動鞋的各方面要求，但是Foamposite幾乎可以完全應付絕大多數(shù)的問題，因為它是一代平衡性的新材料!最重要的歷史性意義在于：這種材料將以往復雜的鞋面制作和鞋體設計變得簡化，這種材料的使用將使即使是相同鞋體設計也能極大提升性能!通過一個模子，NIKE就能輕易一次注模的制作任何可以想象的鞋面或者鞋體，從而可以在運動鞋中加入更多的高科技應用而不用擔心什么縫線啊，接口啊等等煩瑣的問題，尤其是在NIKE這樣極端善于結(jié)合各種技術優(yōu)勢結(jié)合設計出各種組合的魔術師而言，這種材料未來的發(fā)展?jié)摿κ菦]有盡頭的!從而使這種可以肯定的說，無論多么個性的外觀都可以通過這種材料很輕易的簡單做出來，而且不影響運

Mobility.

The truly integrated footwear comes from Foamposite! You can see clearly that the shoes that use this material are excellent in performance, super modern and simple and smooth, especially the wind series. Compared with the past, shoes are so cumbersome.

First, the air permeability of composite materials is not good. From the wind series, it can be seen that wind 1 and 2 all add breathable panes, and the wind 3 and Foamposite PRO directly expose the inner boots; secondly, weight! Weight! The shoes of this kind of material are almost heavier; in addition, the shoes of this material are always tight when trying on them, and friends who need to buy new shoes should pay attention to this; and there is a more "characteristic" point that the taste of composite materials is more obvious, and it needs to dissipate for a period of time, which even become a way to distinguish true and false. In any case, this indicates that at least, at the very beginning, it will lead to disputes related to human health. Of course, this material is not perfect.

But we can see that in the several elements of the shoe upper requirements, this material can overcome almost all problems and become the best choice to emphasize technical friends now. From PENNY to FLIGHT to PRO, you can see its amazing performance.

ADIDAS released its own new rubbing material on THE KOBE after NIKE launched Foamposite for several years. Compared with others, it is lagging behind in all aspects.

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> span style= "font-size: medium" > TPVR support bar, a hard and flexible plastic, which is fixed after cooling, has light weight and provides stable support on both sides of the upper part of the shoe. /p >

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> span style= "font-size: medium" > Memory Foam - memory foam cotton (upper) is used for shoes heel and shoe collar with soft, comfortable and fitting features. /p >

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> span style= "font-size: medium" > Drag-on wear resistant material is often used in tennis shoes, and its hard material and design can strengthen the wear resistance of the inside of the shoe head and the leading edge. /p >

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TPU thermoplastic polyurethane rubber, a hard and flexible plastic, which is fixed after cooling and provides stability on the upper part of the shoe.

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> sports shoes are mainly made of these materials.

Now, with the improvement of living standards, people's demand for sports shoes is getting higher and higher, which accelerates the speed of material innovation.

In recent years, such as NIKE and ADIDAS, such as a href= "http://pop.sjfzxm.com/popimg/xm/index.aspx" > span style= "font-size: medium", "world famous brand", "/span" less than "/span", "materials and materials" have been competing for the development of new materials. On the one hand, it shows the fierce competition in sports shoes industry, on the other hand, it explains the importance of materials and their technology to sports shoes.

The development and utilization of materials in foreign countries are very hard. For example, the PU materials with high utilization rate in footwear industry, for example, the consumption distribution ratio of foreign PU is about 42%: furniture, ECA18%, pportation 15%, building 14%, home appliances 6%, shoes 5%.

Such an environment will also promote the development of famous foreign shoe brands in new materials.

It is gratifying to note that in recent years, the domestic industry leader Lining has also made some achievements in the research and development of materials. With the help of it, he can promote the development of materials and processes in the domestic footwear industry.

With the rapid development of shoemaking materials, more and more new materials are being developed. The speed of such rapid development is a good thing. But should we not only consider the immediate interests while developing, we should also consider the impact of some materials development.

In the early days of the development of sports footwear industry, because of the backward manufacturing process, most of the sports shoes were natural materials, but many rubber and animal skins were needed. Later, everyone's ecological balance consciousness and environmental awareness were strengthened, and artificial materials were gradually developed to replace those natural materials.

And whether natural or artificial materials, the pollution caused by the manufacturing industry is relatively large, especially the technology related to the cortex.

Just as Nike realized this problem, it opened the factory to Southeast Asia in a very smart way, so that it would not pollute its country.

The shoe industry in China is still developing. We have to learn the technology of foreigners. Some pollution is unavoidable. This brings some problems to the insiders in our country and those who are going to work in the opposite direction. That is the rational development of materials.

What is rational development? The key is to take into account the ecological balance and environmental problems. We should not consider the negative effects brought about by the immediate interests.

Weigh the advantages of material development carefully.

This is the most important issue before us. This is not only for the industry and the people who are going to be engaged in footwear industry. This is a question that we all need to ponder and discuss.

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