60 Years Of Growth Of China'S Foreign Trade
The change of China's trade system in the past 60 years is closely related to China's entire economic system and even to the change of China's political system.
Generally experienced 5 stages.
From the founding of the Republic to the early 1960s.
Because of the opposition of ideology, there exist two parallel world markets -- the world market of the socialist camp and the world market of the capitalist camp.
China participates in the system of division of labour in the socialist market, mainly in trade with socialist members in Eastern Europe.
The cultural revolution stage.
The characteristics of this stage are simply closed.
We have rejected the socialist market and have not integrated into the capitalist market.
Reform and opening up to Deng Xiaoping's speech at the South inspection conference.
China began to pform and overrun the foreign trade system from planned economy to market economy.
The real development of China's foreign trade started after 1980s, especially in 1984.
At this stage, China has begun to push forward import and export trade, but the main body is "reward and entry restriction". Foreign exchange earnings from exports are the main theme of our foreign trade.
To this end, China has adopted a dual exchange rate, the trade exchange rate and the bank exchange rate, in the exchange rate system.
The two exchange rates are almost doubled, and the competitiveness of export products can be enhanced through policy devaluation.
At the same time, under the foreign trade management system, it is basically led by the state-owned trading companies (such as China Import and Export Corporation, Minmetals, etc.) to dominate China's foreign import and export trade, while most domestic enterprises do not have the right to trade.
During this period, China was the explorer of reform in the western world, so the policy of "reward and entry restriction" did not encounter international pressure. Even in the middle of 1980s, some western countries offered to make China's "GATT" (GATT), only because of some domestic differences at that time, the matter was shelved.
Deng Xiaoping's speech from South inspection to China's accession to the WTO in 2001.
This is an important stage of China's integration into the globalization process.
In 1994, we formally passed the first foreign trade law since the founding of the people's Republic of China.
Liberalization of the right of independent operation of foreign trade, natural persons and legal persons can be justified in carrying out foreign trade, foreign trade is no longer controlled by the state and government.
This is closely related to China's marketization process and the reform of China's market economic system.
During this period, the growth rate of trade is very fast. Besides the introduction of the foreign trade law, the change of external environment is also a great help.
Marked by the collapse of the Berlin wall in 1989, the world's largest unified market was formed for the first time since the war.
We are also beginning to realize that we must integrate into the world market. Therefore, at this stage, China formally put forward the application of "re entry", which is an important goal in the foreign economic relations from "restoration" to "WTO entry".
It reflects the expectations of China's integration into the global market.
With the gradual maturity of China's foreign trade system, China's trade develops very fast.
Since 1994, China's trade dependence has been growing steadily, 40% in 1994 and 45% in 2000.
It can be said that this stage is the process of China's integration into the global economy and participation in the global market.
Heavy makeup and heavy color in the WTO era.
This is China's participation in the process of economic globalization, and China's economy has entered an unprecedented stage.
In order to meet the requirements of China's accession to the WTO, great changes have taken place in China's foreign trade, the introduction of foreign capital and the whole domestic economic system.
In the trade system, it has undergone a completely market-oriented process. Since 2005, trade has changed from the original examination and approval system to the registration system.
At the same time, the right of trade operation of foreign-funded enterprises is equal to that of Chinese funded enterprises, which coincides with the most favored nation treatment granted by WTO.
While accepting the WTO rules, China has more opportunities to make rules, so our position in the global trading system is rising.
This is accompanied by the interaction between the entire Chinese economy and the world economy.
If we had seen more about the unilateral impact of the international economy on China's economy before that, we can see now that the impact of China's economy on the global economy is bigger and bigger after joining the WTO. This is a completely new stage of development.
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