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Manchu General Situation

2009/9/30 17:36:00 93

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Ethnic situation

Due to historical reasons, Manchu scattered throughout the country, the largest number of people living in Liaoning, other scattered in Jilin, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu, Shandong and other provinces and regions, Beijing, Tianjin, Chengdu, Tianjin, post, and other large and medium-sized cities.

There are small settlements in the great dispersion.

Now the main settlements have established Manchu autonomous counties such as Xiuyan, Fengcheng, Xinbin, Qinglong and Fengning. There are also Manchu villages.

According to the fifth national census conducted in 2000, the Manchu population was 10682263.

Manchu is a Manchu branch of the Manchu tongus language family in the Altai language family. Manchu was created in the late sixteenth Century with reference to Mongolian alphabet.

After that, it added "circle" and "point" on the Mongolian alphabet, which is called "Manchu" or "new Manchu", formerly known as "no Manchu".

Since the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Manchu moved to the Central Plains and a large number of Han people moved to Shanhaiguan, and they had close contacts in economy, culture and life. Manchu people gradually used Chinese language.

Nowadays, only a few remote Manchu communities in Heilongjiang are in villages, and a few elderly people can speak Manchu. Most of the Manchu people in other places have already used the Chinese language.

Manchu history has a long history.

Its direct line is considered to be the Ninja (also known as the female straight) in the Ming Dynasty. It can be traced back to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the North Dynasty not Ji, the Han Dynasty, Lou Lou and Zhou Dai.

The name of Nu Zhen appeared in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties.

At the beginning of the twelfth Century, under the leadership of the leader of the Arab League, the real woman, who was the core of the whole body, started to fight against the slavery of Liao Dynasty and established the regime of Jin State. Soon after the Liao Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty became a confrontation with the Southern Song Dynasty.

In the Jin Dynasty, when a large number of female human beings entered the Central Plains, they accepted the advanced economic culture of the Han nationality, and the vast majority had been integrated into the Han nationality.

In the Yuan Dynasty, these women who entered the Central Plains and scattered in Liaodong were regarded as "Han people" together with the Han and Khitan people in North China.

We still retain the women living in the five military and civilian families in the area of Yilan, Heilongjiang, such as Tao Wen, Hu Li, wo duo, duo Li, and Lujiang River, and gradually develop the Nvzhen ministries which are distributed on both sides of Songhua River, in the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang, in the Wusuli River Basin and on the east coast.

From the end of the sixteenth Century to the beginning of seventeenth Century, Nur Ha Che took the two women living in the state and Haixi as the main body, and unified these women in the northeast area to become a community.

In the process of unification, Nur Ha Che incorporated the various parts of the merged nzhen into the original production and military organization "Niu Lu" based on the clan and village, and gradually expanded the grass-roots organization into the Eight Banners system.

At first, only yellow, red, blue and white four flags were set up. After that, four flags were set up, including yellow, white, red and blue.

GUSHAN and Beller are both the owners of this banner and the supreme military commander of the flag.

The Eight Banners system has three functions: politics, military and production, and becomes the basic system of Manchu society.

In 1616, Nur Ha Che established power, the name of gold, the history of post gold, the date of destiny, called Kim Khan.

Destiny three years (1618) took the "seven hate" pledge, launched troops to attack Ming, and successively captured Fushun, Liaoyang, Shenyang and other Northeast towns in recent years.

As for the nature of the post Jin regime, many people in the academic circles consider it to be a slave owner regime, and others believe it is a feudal regime.

After entering the Liao and Shen areas, Nur Ha Che ordered the implementation of the measures of "Ding Ding Ding Tian" and "separating the villages" later. Under the influence of Han feudal economy and culture, the Manchus society was in pition to the feudal society.

After nine years (1635), Jin Jin Taizong Tian Chun officially changed to Manchuria.

After the death of Nur Ha Che, his eighth son, Huang Tai Ji, succeeded to the throne in the first year of emperor Chong de (1636).

With the increasing number of subordinate departments of Mongolia and the Han descendant, the eight banners of Mongolia, eight banners of the Han Army and eight banners of Manchuria constitute the whole of the Eight Banners system in Qing Dynasty, which further promoted the progress of the Manchu society and the development of the national community.

Military strength has also been strengthened unprecedentedly.

In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), the Qing army entered Shanhaiguan and settled in Beijing. From the early years of Shunzhi to Kangxi eight years (1669), the "enclosure" was banned in the Ming Dynasty. After several years, the Manchuria aristocratic enclosure had not yet been completely stopped. The total entry to Manchuria was eight years. The Manchuria aristocracy forced 3 large-scale "enclosure" in the area around the capital, occupying more than 170 thousand hectares of Han people's land.

At the same time, successive policies of national oppression and slavery, such as shaving, easy to serve, throwing and filling, and escaping people, have intensified the contradictions between the Han and the Han.

After the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Xuan ye had made many reforms, such as stopping "enclosure", rewarding reclamation, rectifying taxes and levying taxes, building water conservancy projects, and managing rivers in a large scale.

The implementation of these policies and measures alleviated class contradictions and ethnic contradictions, and the people of all ethnic groups obtained better production conditions than before. The social and economic recovery and development of the whole country has been rapidly restored, which has made important contributions to the development of economy, culture and consolidation of the border areas of the motherland.

In the 80 years from the beginning of Kangxi to the early years of Qianlong, the land area of the Manchurian and Han people in Liaoning alone increased by more than 5 times. The land cultivated in Jilin and Heilongjiang also increased day by day, and the cultivated land area was 610 thousand.

As a large number of people entered the Central Plains and a large number of Han people moved to the northeast, until then, before the Qing Dynasty was overthrown, the Manchurian agricultural technology level in the 3 Northeastern provinces and the Han areas in Shanhaiguan became closer or more consistent.

This enables the grain supply in Northeast China not only to be self-sufficient, but also to supply surplus grain, and a large number of soybeans are exported to foreign countries.

Other crops such as tussah, ginseng and pilose antlers also increased.

These are the fruits of the hard work of the people of the Han and the Han nationalities.

The achievements of the early Qing Dynasty should not be denied in safeguarding the reunification of the motherland and fighting against foreign aggression.

From the early years of Kangxi to the Opium War of 1840, the national unification was achieved by pacifying the "San Francisco" and the splinter groups of the Junggar aristocracy and the unification of Taiwan. In particular, the frontier of China was consolidated through all previous self-defense wars to stop foreign aggression. In addition, a series of reforms in local administrative system were carried out according to the different situations in different regions, including the large-scale pformation of the southwest provinces by Yong Zheng in the early Qing Dynasty, and the establishment of the local administrative system that was directly controlled by the central government and suited to the local characteristics of all parts of the country was established.

Therefore, the unified multi-ethnic China before the Opium War had a clear territory and a complete and stable local administrative system, which played a key role in consolidating and establishing China's unification and territorial sovereignty.

This is a great historic achievement of all nationalities in China. At the same time, as a ruling nation, the Manchu nationality is in the historical position of organization and commander-in-chief, and has made indelible contributions.

Of course, in the late Qing Dynasty, the rulers were corrupt and incompetent, and they surrendered themselves to imperialism and provoked the indignation and resistance of the Manchu people and other ethnic groups.

Finally, the bourgeois democratic revolution broke out in 1911 - the revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

After 1911, Manchuria was officially called Manchu.

Economy, society and culture

The Manchu ancestors lived in the primitive fishing and hunting life with the clan and tribe as their units.

Over a long period of time, primitive agriculture and husbandry were developed, and primitive culture was created.

He was once conquered by Fu Yu and moved to the Central Plains from three kingdoms. The economy developed further from hunting and fishing and hunting to intensive farming.

After entering the customs, Manchu actively absorbed the advanced agricultural production technology and advanced culture of Central Plains.

The feudal economy was further developed. However, due to the corruption of the ruling class in the late Qing Dynasty, the Chinese people were subjected to imperialist brutal plundering and slavery, and the people were hard to live.

Before liberation, the Manchu people in Northeast China were squeezed by the Japanese imperialists and the Kuomintang reactionaries, and their lives were extremely poor.

The Manchu people scattered in the Central Plains area are also oppressed, exploited and discriminated by the three mountains. Many people change their names, hide their national elements, and live a precarious life.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Manchus, as a member of the great family of the motherland, entered a new era like all brothers in the country.

The Manchu people also enjoy the right of ethnic equality and their own masters. In the past, those who were forced to conceal their national elements restored their national composition.

Although Manchus are scattered throughout the country, there are many Manchu representatives at various levels of the people's Congress and the Political Consultative Conference. The Manchu cadres at all levels have grown rapidly. The Manchu intellectuals had a higher proportion of the nation.

On all fronts, models and advanced units of Manchu have springing up, and professionals in science, literature, history, theory and other fields, as well as literary and artistic talents, are thriving.

The living standards of the Manchu people are continuously improving.

They actively join forces with all brotherly nations to contribute more to the socialist modernization of our motherland.

In terms of culture, Manchu has made important contributions to Chinese culture.

The book "rhyme and elucidation", "mathematical essence", "calendars" and "Huangyu panorama", compiled by Emperor Ching Yu, are of high scientific value.

In the early Manchu works, besides Manchu's old files, Manchuria records and the foreign records of Tu Li Chen, there are still a lot of books that need to learn Manchu, such as "Qing Wen enlightenment", "Qing Wen Dian Yao" and "Qing Wen Jian" and so on.

The Qing Wen Jian has been compiled and compiled into 5 Manchu dictionaries of five different kinds of national characters, namely, the imperial system of Qing Dynasty, which is an important reference material for political, economic and cultural exchanges between Manchu, Han, Mongolian, Tibetan and Uygur peoples.

Translated books are also common. Most Chinese classics are mostly Manchu plations.

Apart from excluding official books, there are Manchu plations in folk stories such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms, romance of the west chamber, Jin Ping Mei and Liao Zhai Zhi Yi.

Among them, the plation of "Strange Tales from a studio studio" plated by Mr.

At the same time, a group of Manchu writers emerged.

The early famous writer Zhu Yizun's "side cap collection" and "drinking water collection" are fresh, graceful, vivid and natural. They are comparable to the famous Han people, Zhu Yizun and Chen Weisong, who were also known as "three masters".

In the middle of Qianlong Dynasty, Cao Xueqin's dream of Red Mansions was a great realistic work. He pushed the art of Chinese classical novels to an unprecedented peak and became one of the world's literary masterpieces.

The Manchu people, Lao She, is not only a famous novelist, dramatist, but also an outstanding quyi artist.

His works are numerous and popular.

Worthy of being a contemporary "people's artist"