Survey Of Aristocratic Ornaments In Chu State

The research on the form of the aristocratic ornaments in Chu state should be based on more archaeological discoveries, and so far there are few excavations of the kings' tombs in Chu state.

1. In the early 30s of this century, more than 4000 pieces of jade and pottery were stolen from Shouxian County in the "Shou Ying" site of the ancient capital of Chu. [1]

2, in 70s, there were 24 tombs in the spring and Autumn Period excavated at the lower temple in Xichuan, Henan, and five pits and pits related to the tombs.

From the unearthed relics, the Chu tomb in the lower temple is the earliest group of tombs found in Chu's hometown during the spring and Autumn period, including the tomb of King Yin Zigeng of Chu Kang, [2].

3. Following a large number of large and medium-sized Chu tombs discovered at the Ping grain station in Huaiyang County of Henan after the tomb of Chu tomb, there are jade ornaments commonly buried in the Chu tombs. Among them, the jade ornaments of the ornaments excavated from the middle tomb are particularly prominent [3].

In 4 and 70s, a larger Tomb of Chu was excavated at Tianxing temple in Jiangling, Hubei. The tomb owner was [4] of the kingdom of Chu.

5. Large scale found in Linli, Hunan in early 80s.

6, in 70s, nine medium-sized and above Chu tombs were excavated in Changfeng Yang Gong commune, and 79 pieces of [6] were produced from jade ornaments.

7, 1 Chu Tomb of No. 2 and No. 2 excavated at Changtai pass in Xinyang in 50s, two of the tombs were [7], a slave owner at the doctor level.

8, in the middle of 60s, three large tombs excavated from the lookout mountain in Jiangling were characterized by jade ornaments. The tomb was the [8] of the Chao family of Chu.

In 9 and 70s, there was a jade decorator unearthed in 1 Chu tomb excavated at Liucheng bridge in Changsha, Hunan. The identity of the tomb owner was [9], a middle class aristocracy in Chu state.

10, in the middle of 80s, five small and medium-sized Chu tombs excavated at Baoshan mound in Jingmen were excavated with a collection of decorative articles such as jade Bi and jade huang. In the tomb, the tomb was written by Zuo Yin, [10] of Chu.

From the above 10 cases, we can basically constitute a series of aristocratic aristocrats in Chu, which provide us with rare materials for studying the ornaments from the crown prince of Chu state to the various strata of scholar bureaucrats.

Category of accessories

There are more than twenty species of ornaments unearthed from aristocratic tombs of Chu state.

1, according to the existing archaeological data, jade jade has many more jade bats in the Chu aristocracy, and its surface is widely used. According to its shape and decoration, jade Bi can be roughly divided into plain, single ornamentation and double ornamentation.

The plain face is characterized by its unadorned decorative surface. It is processed only once. The following temples are M1:6 gray green with thinner sides and thicker holes. Both sides of the temple are plain, with a diameter of 11.5cm and a diameter of 5.8cm and a thickness of 0.3-0.5cm. 16 of the 1 tombs in Tianxing Guan, Jiangling, are white, 6 white and 10 gray.

13 of them are plain, with smaller shape, about 6.8cm in diameter and 0.5cm in thickness. If they are in the name of a tomb owner, these low grade ornaments should not be a practical product of the tomb owner, but a kind of object.

In the tomb of tomb 1 at Liucheng bridge, Changsha, 3 jade tablets were made, 2 of them were plain, with smaller shape.

2 plain jade jade excavated from nine Li Chu tomb in Linli have a diameter of 8.6-9.8cm and an aperture of 4.5 -5cm.

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The single ornamentation is mainly based on moire, and there are grains, lines, laces, and stripes.

The following temples M1 unearthed 3 pieces, decorated with a roll of grain, smaller shape.

The jade grain of M16 has a small volume and has a corridor. The table is decorated with a raised Valley grain.

The tomb of tomb 1 at Liucheng bridge, Changsha, has 1 decorative jade patterns with a diameter of 13cm.

The double ornamentation type decorator is decorated with a decorative pattern on the sides and edges.

Such as Changfeng Yang Gong M2, M9 have all this jade Bi unearthed.

Body M2:15, the inner ring of the meat is reduced to the vortex pattern, the outer ring is carved with three groups of dragon head patterns, or the inner ring is decorated with cirrus grain, and the outer part is decorated with a circular pattern.

In the above three types of jade, the jade bun unearthed from tomb 2 of Mount Wang, Jiangling, has the largest body weight, 21.7cm diameter, 7cm and 0.8cm thick. It should be the representative of the Royal aristocratic ornaments of Chu Kingdom.

Chu people widely used jade jade, but also actively explore the new way of Pei Bi materials.

For example, 1 pieces of colored glass unearthed in Chu Li Tomb of nine Li in Linli are illustrative examples. They are beige, lustrous, and ornamented with cirrus veins. The meat and good edges are decorated with chord patterns for one week, with a diameter of 12cm, an aperture of 5.6 cm, a meat thickness of 0.4cm, and a meat width of 3.2cm.

2. From the available information, the circular products unearthed in the tombs of the aristocrats of Chu state are generally small, and are probably used for finger ornaments, that is, the "rings". "Yuhuan."

But there are also larger ones, which may be earrings or hang on the chest.

Therefore, there are various shapes.

Smaller bodies such as: the lower temple 8:71, flat body; M7:19, the section is irregular trapezoid, plain face, diameter 2.7cm; M2 unearthed 6 pieces, the color has green, milky white and brown yellow.

There are two kinds of circular sections: circular and semicircular.

On the surface of the device, there are rope patterns, moire patterns, coiled grains and so on. Among them, there are also plain noodles with diameters between 1.5cm-2.2cm.

Larger bodies, such as Tomb 11, were unearthed in 2 pieces, all green gray, with two sides decorated with moire.

M1:7, the front edge, the diameter is 2.7cm, the diameter is 1.5cm, the thickness is 0.4cm; the M1:8 is white and yellowish, the body is carved as the left-handed rope pattern, the diameter is 2.6cm, the diameter is 1.2cm, and the thickness is 0.5cm.

Besides the jade ring, the aristocrats of the state of Chu also used agate rings.

For example, M4, M8, M18 and J1 in the nine Li Chu Tomb of Linli unearthed five kinds of agate rings, respectively, with white, light yellow and pale blue.

The ring body is also larger, the diameter is generally 3-4.5cm, the pore size is 1-3cm, the flesh is thick 0.5cm-0.8cm, the flesh width 0.7cm-0.8cm.

3. Jade huang.

There are 4 types of type II, yellowish, semi circular, but not round. The body is silkworm like, the first is thicker and the tail is smaller. There is a hole near the front end.

Type III, 1, with a gray gray, pparent, irregular circular section, 1 holes in the middle, one side at the same level, the other end light and thin, the whole as rope shape, the arc length 5.5cm, the section diameter 0.8cm.

Type IV, 1, blue, flat ends, square section, in each end and the middle each make a convex animal head, the device carved bat pattern, circumference 7cm, thick 0.1cm, also like Shouxian County, Anhui Shuangqiao 11 Chu tomb unearthed jade huang 2 pieces of [11].

The 1 pieces were grey and gray, and all of them were made of jade Bi. Both sides were decorated with scroll, wide 4.1cm-5.1cm, thick 0.3cm, and 1 pieces were blue and thick 0.3cm.

Another example is the jade huang unearthed by Yang Gong M2 and M9 from Changfeng, according to its form, it can be divided into three types: one is semicircle, the outline is clear, the surface is decorated with regular patterns of rhombus and moire, and the second is the double dragon head, the dragon head looks down on one side.

Three is a semi engraving pattern, which is mainly displayed on the back and abdomen of the Huang, and is decorated with variant dragon patterns. Similar shapes are also seen in tomb 2 of Jiangling. 4 pieces of jade huang were excavated in the tomb. One pair was dragon body, all of which were lying in reverse first looking, long 28cm, wide 5.6CM, thick 0.4cm, and the other one was curly back first look, long 18cm, wide 14cm, thick 0.5cm.

In addition, the 1 jade jades are also decorated with raised vortices, with an arc length of 30.4cm and a thickness of 0.6cm.

4. Jade ornaments can be divided into three types: the square, the long and the irregular. The rectangular jade ornaments are more common in the tomb of Chu. The number of tombs in the temple can be counted. There are 340 unearthed pieces. The square jade ornaments can be as many as 11 pieces in M1, and can be divided into three types: 1 in type I and smaller in shape.

Near square, milky white, fine jade, facade relief and symmetrical bat pattern. The knife is fine, and the back is not ornamentation. Jade cards have a hole on each side, 7.1cm long, 7.5cm wide and 0.2cm thick.

Type II 6, all small and close, mostly white, yellowish, rectangular, each with two small perforations at the top and bottom ends, with a front decoration, long 3.8cm, wide 2.8cm, and thick 1cm.

　?、笫健?件,形體較小,呈棕黃色,長方形,一端較窄,兩端有孔,中部刻有三道平行線,標本M1:76,長1.4cm,寬0.1cm,厚0.06cm; M2則出土更多,12件均為淺綠色,透明,長方形, 兩短邊各有兩個凹槽, 凹槽之下各有一圓孔, 兩長邊也各有凹槽,正面刻云紋,按體量可分大者6件,標本M2:137,長3. 4cm,寬28cm,厚1cm,小者也有5件,標本M2:120,長3.3cm,寬2.5cm,厚0.1cm,在該墓中還出土了兩件長方形穿孔玉飾, 扁平長方體,兩端中部鉆有大圓孔,大圓孔兩側又鉆有3個圓孔,通體刻云紋,分別為白色和淺黃色，標本M2:133長3.4cm，寬2.6cm，厚1.5cm，在M10中，還出土了一件松綠色石石牌，長方形，中部微鼓，兩端各一個小穿孔正面飾蟠螭紋。

The long strip jade ornaments, 10 long pieces of jade carved from the M3 temple, are peculiar in shape and unique in style. They are rare in the Chu tombs. They are carved with uneven patterns, which appear to be symmetrical and not completely symmetrical.

Specimen M3:46 is longer, about 14 centimeters, hollow, open at both ends of the hole, the body is decorated with a row of stripes, M2:35, gray white, slightly square, three sides flat, a small drum, perforation, the whole body is decorated with stripes, seen from the shape of their perforations, they seem to string ornaments, multi-stage ornamentation, giving people a sense of connection.

Irregular shaped jade ornaments, the following temple M3:50, the body is flat, the face is rounded rectangle, each side of the front side has a groove, the back is smooth, the front is embossed, the length is 3.4cm, and the width is 1.4cm; M7:20 is round and triangular, white, Changfeng Yang Gong M2:47, pot shaped, hollowed out, the surface is covered with cirrus grain, M9 unearthed an irregular triangle ornament, the middle part uses the shallow carving method to decorate the triangle rope pattern roughly similar to the body, these non-standard ornaments may be used in the partial scope decoration.

5. pearls, which may be the most popular ornaments of Chu people, are widely used. They are widely excavated and have many kinds of texture. They constitute a major pillar in the decoration of Chu people. These characteristics are the most prominent and persuasive in the Chu Tomb of the lower temple. As far as their texture and type are concerned, there are as many as six varieties, and each species has its own features in shape, decoration and color.

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The first category is Yuzhu, the lower temple M2 has 8 unearthed, two round and long striped. The color is divided into three kinds: white, yellow and grey. The size is different. The largest diameter is 0.9CM, and the thickness is 1.1cm. The smallest is 1.6cm, and the thickness is 0.5cm. In the nine Li Tomb of Linli, 2 are found. The shape is similar to the above.

Green, oblate body, there are different sizes in weight.

M1:17 (1), the body is larger, the diameter of 0.7cm, thick 0.45cm. class III is agate beads, the largest number of M1 in the lower temple, up to 85, are all red meat, pparent, flat and small, the largest diameter of 1.1cm, the smallest 0.45cm, M2 unearthed 42, meat red I, divided into oblate and round two, the largest diameter of 1cm; M2 unearthed 30 flat, can be divided into yellow, red and white three, 0.6 to 0.8cm, all kinds of agate beads have holes, aperture 0.18-0.25cm.

Green, M2 unearthed, 49 specimens, M2:118, pine, green, the surface is more compact, from the cross section, the inner layer is loose, and contains many pores, such as the sponge shape, the aperture is irregular, the diameter is 0.5cm, the M3 is unearthed 22, the light green, the abdomen has the broken edge, the middle is perforated, the quality is sparse, has the hole, the big diameter 1.1cm, long 1.1cm, the M7 unearthed 41, the body is the diamond shape, the green is soft, the four sides have the grain, the middle perforation, the specimen is M7:18, the straight path is rounded, in Linli nine Li Chu tomb has unearthed 8, divides the oblate and the circular two species, the middle wears 1 holes, the diameter is high, the diameter is high. Type IV is material beads, 65 of which are unearthed at the lower temple, M1:80, rhombus, and median holes.

Type V is crystal beads. 746 M2 excavated at the lower temple are all oblate, green and bright, but the size is different. The largest diameter is 0.55cm, and M3 is unearthed 952. The specimen is 3:40, with smaller body size, beads on each edge, and 1 holes and plain faces.

From the perspective of all kinds of beads, they are obviously ornaments.

The 6. tube decorating tube decorating device is also like the Pearl decorating apparatus. There are many varieties, and can be divided into four categories: Jade tube, agate tube, stone pulp pipe and material tube.

Because of their different texture, they are different in making and shaping.

Type 1 jade tube: 2 unearthed M2 in the lower temple, two sides are brown and yellow.

Carve moire, long 8.1cm, outer diameter 0.7cm, inner diameter, 0.4cm, M2:157, jade, soft, table, engraving, M11, unearthed 1 pieces, blue, rectangular, right and back, slightly convex, decorated with half carve, and long, 3.5cm, Linli, nine Li Chu tomb unearthed 2 pieces, white, pparent, through one hole, 1 of them are misaligned, diameter 1 - 2.3cm. class II agate tube: lower temple M2 unearthed 1 pieces, pparent, middle drum, two ends thin, diameter 0.7 - 1.2cm, because the hole from both ends to drill, the middle part slightly tilted to the other side, aperture size 0.5cm. Specimen M2:159, with long body and perforation at the middle end.

Type III pipes: 16 pieces of M1 excavated at the lower temple, which are divided into cylindrical and jujube core two types. They are all green and elongated. The middle is thicker, and the ends are thinner. The top is 2.5cm, the thickest is 1.1cm, the aperture is 0.3cm, and the M2 is unearthed 11. The shape is the same as the above. It is light green and loose, with 8 mastoid, 8 smallest, the longest in the tube, 2,1cm in diameter, 0.4cm in diameter, 5 in M3, and the longest in 2.1cm.

The pattern, specimen M1:89, the body has 5 rows of color lines, the two sides are black, the middle is brown and oblique color lines, the interphase is white, long 3.5cm, abdominal diameter 0.75cm, M2 is unearthed 1 pieces, the shape is like the date kernel, the meter has the white stripe for three weeks, by the Xia Xia gentleman appraisal, the ribbon is the pattern which corroded with some medicaments on the machine surface, the color band is slightly concave and glossy, the handle is rough, the body is long 1.95cm, the diameter is 0.8cm, the aperture 0.5cm, the M3 unearthed 32, some in the middle is thicker, some ends are slightly thin, the middle is thicker, the body is silkworm pupa, the body is grey, the specimen is M3:37, long 2.6cm, the diameter is allowed. Type IV: M1 4 unearthed in the lower temple, all of which are jujube - shaped, with holes in the center.

Although the texture, color and shape have their own characteristics, they have holes in the middle so that they can be connected in series.

7. jade ornaments are more fully displayed in Chu tombs, which indicates that Chu people attached great importance to such ornaments at that time.

In addition, the shape of Chu also has the characteristics of Chu.

It may be popularized in the life of all walks of life in the Chu Kingdom, specifically as a necklace ornament.

The following temples M1 unearthed 13 pieces, all of them are ox horn shaped, one end wide, flat, one end narrow and sharp, if subdivided, a flat body, thin and wide, one end is wider, one end is narrower, wide end and 1 holes in the middle, specimens M1:111, long 4.9cm, wide 1.4cm, thick 0.15cm, the second section is oblate or round, one end is thicker, carved at the end of the beast, one end is fine, and the body is silkworm stripe, it has white, milky white, brown yellow, blue yellow and so on, and has one side or two sides perforation.

Specimens M1:112, long 5.5cm.

Three oval shape, larger animal heads and more plain faces.

As for the 22 unearthed M2, one of them is headed by tiger head, the other end is narrower and pointed, and the middle is carved into tiger shaped shape, with a circular hole on the tiger's mouth and two sides decorated with moire, with white, light brown and light brown color.

The second is the smaller arc, the back has a circular hole, the two sides are decorated with Moire or silkworm stripe, the color is the same as above; the third is a flat, upper side, and the upper side is decorated with a cloud pattern, and the other side is more arcs, and the silkworm stripe is ornamented. The shape can be divided into four categories: type I is flat body, brown red, one end is carved tiger shaped, and there are small holes, the sides of the device are decorated with stolen curves, specimens M3:44 (1), long 7cm, medium width 2cm, thick 0.1cm. class II are narrow and thick, and the curvature is bigger, the tiger head wears 1 holes, and the body body is decorated with stolen curves, which are all 6.5cm long, wide M3, wide 1cm, and thick 0.15cm. Its

Some of them are decorated with moire, carved into silkworm joints, and have no tattoo at the end.

Type III is small in shape and perforated at one end.

Type IV is arc, body slender, flat, one end is neat, one side is fine, the body surface has several fine lines, the body length is 4.8 - 5cm, and the diameter is 0.2 - 0.4cm, such as the jade ornaments unearthed from Changfeng Yang Gong M2:43, the shape is more special, the first big, the tail is small, sharp, the first ornamental deformation dragon pattern, the body is the rope shape.

8. the jade ornaments of animals are the ornaments of various animals. They are also a major feature of the decorative patterns of the Chu people. There are three kinds of common animals, jade, tiger, rabbit and fish.

The jade tiger has unearthed 11 pieces in the tomb of the lower temple, such as 2 unearthed M1, white yellowish, pparent, and delicate jade.

From the traces of its production, two jade tigers are carved on the thicker jade material, carved into the same tiger shape, and then cut into the middle.

On the polished surface of two jade tigers, there are still traces of cutting.

The tiger is bow bowed, tail drooping and tail pointed.

In the mouth and tail, there is a hole, such as specimen M1:4 long 14.6cm, thick 0.4cm, M2 unearthed 3 pieces of jade tiger, pale yellow, tiger head drooping, bow body curl tail, tiger head and tiger tail tail all perforated, tiger body carved moire, which has two tigers and single tiger points, M3 unearthed 6 pieces, scarlet, individual tiger body also coated with scarlet, in tiger mouth, back, tail wear holes.

Specimens M3:3 - 1, long 8cm, wide 2cm, Chu people in the tiger mouth, tail for holes, because the tiger body is longer, may be the use of double line hanging ornaments.

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1 pieces of M2 were found in the Jade Fish lower temple, each with a hole in the back and head. The body was carved with moire, 3.1cm long and 1.6cm high.

In Jin Li nine Li Chu tomb also unearthed 1 pieces, one side relief pattern, one side face, long 5.8cm.

1 unearthed M3 in the jade rabbit temple, the body is open mouth spit, shrink neck, bow back, lying on the ground, ear tip has a small hole, through this carving moire, long 2.1cm, high 1cm.

Made of fish and rabbit shape, they may all be hanging ornaments.

9. jade jade from the existing archaeological data, whether it is up to the spring and Autumn period, or to the Warring States period, should be the daily ornaments of Chu people.

2 pieces of M1 excavated from the following temple are all cylindrical.

When unearthed, 1 pieces of hats were also on the top of the head. The specimens were M1:13, blue, pparent, and the lower ends were thin, with perforation in the middle, bigger cap, and decorative moire and rope pattern.

The body is also engraved with cloud and thunder patterns for 3 weeks. The length is 16cm, the length is 13cm, the diameter is 0.9CM, and the hat diameter is about 1.9cm; the specimen M1:46 is grey, white, cylindrical, the middle is thicker, has a hole, the two ends are finer, and the body rope is 13 circles. In the tomb, 1 long strips of jade are also unearthed.

The original report called it a "marker", and we think it should be a form at that time.

The body is long, narrow and thick on the top, wide and thin at the lower end, 8.3cm long, 0.55-0.9cm wide and 0.1-0.3cm thick.

Another example is the 2 pieces of jade hat with M2 unearthed, and the specimens are M2:160, light yellow, and the top is small and flat, and the neck is on the side. It wears a small hole on the side. It is covered with moire, long 1.7cm, and diameter 1.4cm; M2:140, the top of the hat is bigger, the neck is slightly adducted, the cap is smaller, the body is decorated with cloud pattern, and then 1 pieces of the tomb of tomb 2 of the Changtai pass in Xinyang.

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10. copper belt hook from the existing material, copper belt hook is also one of the top quality products in Chu people's life. The following temple M11 unearthed 1 pieces, the hook body is carved, with four Kui tornado winding around the animal shape.

The hook head is also carved into the shape of a beast, with a circular knob on the back of the hook and a length of 6cm and a width of 2.8cm. 1 of the tombs at 1 Wang Shan, Jiangling, arc length 46.2cm, wide 6.5cm, and thick 0.5cm. They are the largest people in the bronze belt hooks of Chu people. The hooks are all embedded in gold and gold pieces, with hooks as dragon heads, with gold and gold pieces as longan and eyebrows.

2 bronze belt hooks were excavated from the tomb of the Warring States period in Shuangqiao, Shouxian County, with 1 coiled tail ornaments relative to the coiled dragon pattern, with a circular knob on the back and 7.2cm, and 5 pieces of hooks unearthed from tomb 1 of Xinyang Changtai Guan, three of which were dragon heads.

Specimen 1:94, hook iron, full length 21.5cm, medium width 3.75cm, thick 4-6cm, large shape, hook face mosaic four square gold relief, relief, close to the hook is a triangle embedded.

Between four square gold embossment, three pieces of grain grain square jade are set up to make people feel pparent and pparent.

The outer side of the relief is decorated with a golden gold pole pattern, and the back of the hook is cast with a circular knob.

For example, M1:68, jade cross section is four square prism, long 6.9cm, wide 1cm, wide 0.85cm, thick 2.2cm, is light brown, plain, in Chu country, in addition to male hooks, women also use.

Such as Xinyang Changtai Guan M2 unearthed iron and copper belt hooks each, such as specimen M2:268, for iron, round strip, positive gold triangular particles and silver cirrus mosaic form of Kui, larger shape, long 19.6cm, this hook is second only to the unearthed hook of Wang Shan No. 1. The above ten categories of accessories, show us the aristocratic ornaments of Chu state.

Based on these, we can put them in their respective positions.

Explain its intrinsic use value.

Jade, pearl and animal ornaments should be ornamental ornaments; some jade ornaments should be hand ornaments; jade Bi, jade huang, jade cards, beads, tubes, (copper, iron, jade) hooks should be the chest ornaments of Chu people.

Two, the role of all kinds of accessories

The kind of ornaments that appear constantly in Chu tomb should be the product of the pursuit of decorative beauty by the aristocracy of Chu.

Of course, the appearance of some ornaments is due to the needs of the real life of the Chu people.

In jewelry, if you look at the overall accessories, the jewellery of the aristocrats of Chu should also be various.

Such as hair ornaments, earrings, ornaments and so on are its contents.

According to the archaeological data, the hair styles of Chu people are different from men and women.

That is to say, men and women in Chu have bun, vertical bun and three hair styles.

The hair in the tomb of Chu is closely related to the hairstyle.

Chu people use hairpin, in addition to decoration, mainly used to fix bun.

For example, when the female tomb was used in Mashan, Jiangling, 1 of the tomb owners were mixed with wigs on the top of their heads. They mixed the braid into the two sides of the head and put the bun on the back of the head. In the bun, a wooden stick was inserted, and the male had a [12].

For example, the characters in the characters' Imperial dragons and the silk paintings unearthed in the tomb of Changsha bullet bank 1 show the image of the bun in the bun.

As for the form of decoration of beads and animal ornaments, although there are no specific images at present, they can be speculated from their shape and the amount unearthed in a tomb. They should be one of the ornaments of Chu people's headwear.

They may be ornaments, while animals, such as tigers, fish and rabbits, may be monomers of ornaments.

The animal image of Chu people should be the earliest form of people wearing "Twelve faces" in China.

In the chest decoration, the Chu people not only paid attention to the monomer shape of the utensils, but also considered the shapes of the utensils together.

Therefore, both the monomer ornaments and the combination ornaments show their elegant demeanor and give people a sense of elegance and solemnity.

If we study their respective functions, the hooks in the breastwork can show the organic combination of practicality and appreciation.

In the clothing materials of Chu state, Chu people had the custom of girding them with their waist.

The hooks used as girdle belts are, of course, found in Chu tombs.

As far as we know, the hook was named "hook" in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

For example, the 1 hooks unearthed in a Eastern Han tomb in Jiangsu are inscribed as "[13] in May," in the year of thirteen yuan.

The hooks unearthed in the noble tombs of the above levels can be regarded as masterpieces both in shape and in pieces.

In addition, the hooks are characterized by larger shapes and wider radians, which are obviously the hooks of beams, rather than hooks for hanging objects.

Besides, Chu has used a lot of leather and belt [12] during the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. The convex buttons on the back of the hook are connected with the holes of the belt. The surface of the hook is decorated with ornamentation, and the back is all plain. That's why.

As for the use of other chest accessories, I can also use the relevant materials to illustrate.

Bi, Huang, Guan, Zhu and so on as a chest ornament, can be seen in the two tombs of painted wood figurines unearthed at tomb 6 of Wuchang, Jiangling [14].

In addition to the facial organs, the wooden figurines are painted with various decorative forms, such as costumes and chest groups, so that the combination relationship between all kinds of jade objects is clear.

其一、裝飾的形式為腋下系一腰帶，胸前左右各繪一組佩飾，而各類佩飾由一根紅帶串聯,系在腰帶之上，并打一結，結下由二珠、一管、一環、一璜、一珠為一組，其下又打一結，然后又系一環、一管、二珠、一管、二珠、一管、二珠、一環、一璜、一管，在管飾之下又打上一結，使整組佩飾搭配適宜，美觀大方;其二，裝飾形式與Ⅰ式侍俑略有不同，其特點是腰結上穿有一管，結下裝一管三珠、一璜、一管，形成一組，脛下有一珠、一管、四珠、一環、一璜、一管為一組，并以結告終。

Two kinds of ornaments on the wooden figurines are run through the red silk thread, and each wide line is used to represent the wide band.

The outline of the utensils is outlined by ink lines, although they do not adorn the decorative patterns on each decoration, but they can clearly see that the shapes of all kinds of objects are in accordance with the real objects.

The image of the ornaments resembling the terracotta warriors is also found in the clumsy Chu tombs in Shishou City, Hubei.

The burial device of the tomb owner is a coffin and a coffin. The tomb owner was equivalent to "Shi" or slightly higher than before. This shows that the lowest class of Chu ruling class enjoyed the attendants during the Warring States period, and the two female attendants also followed the tomb owner to enjoy the above kinds of ornaments. Whether they overstepped the ritual or not, they all showed that all kinds of ornaments were existed as chest ornaments.

If we say that the objects worn by the servants are controlled by the master of the tomb.

If we can not show the specifications of the aristocratic decorations of the state of Chu, then we can add 3 painted wooden figurines unearthed from M2 in Xinyang's Changtai, and their figurines are painted terracotta warriors, who can draw various ornaments, such as beads, rings, colored knots and colored rings, on the chest.

Zhuhuang is painted white, knob and knee ring are orange and yellow, and in the way of decoration, the upper part of the ornaments is lined with jade beads, colored knots and colored rings by cross copper pipes, and a bead is placed on the colored ring. Under the color ring, the right left two groups are decorated with colored beads. Each side wears five jade beads on each side, and a colored knot underneath the beads. A jade ribbon and three jade beads are tied together, and a colored ribbon is placed under the ribbon.

Even the cords of jade ornaments are clearly visible for several strands.

It shows that all kinds of decorations and coloured knots and colored rings are not treated in a unified way, but are treated differently.

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In addition, the decoration is rich and colorful. The waist of the Terracotta Warriors also has a waist belt. It looks like a triangular ribbon of red and yellow. This kind of decorative terracotta warriors has a higher identity compared with other terracotta warriors.

For example, specimen M108, decoration is relatively simple, it seems to show the difference between figurines, waist with a border of the ribbon, the edge of a triangular pattern.

Adornment hangs on the shank of the waiter, uses the way of wire rope to connect, the upper part is a double strand rope, the cross handles a jade bead down, and puts on the knot and encircled the colored ring, the ring continues for the rope, the middle wears a jade huang and the one color knot, the end of the rope is a jade and a color knot, the color rope all is the dual stock system, this kind of Figurine decoration form although is simpler than the upper one, but still does not lose its beautiful decorative effect.

In the tomb 2 of Changtai Guan, Xinyang, 7 dancers were also unearthed. They had two hands on both hands and front to the right, such as specimen M14, and the objects and forms that they wore were simpler than those of the two type. The waist belt was the same style as the two type of terracotta warriors.

The last two categories of ornaments were not the preference of the painter at that time, but the actual reflection of the clothing life of the Chu people.

The difference between their decoration and simplicity may be due to their status constraints.

Because the maid is the servant of the tomb owner, to some extent, it also reflects the status of the tomb owner.

Although the dancer is the spiritual enjoyment of the tomb owner, because of their different living status and different occupations, the difference between them is also possible.

In addition, the rope problem of the ornaments used in the above figurines should have a corresponding name in ancient China, or called "Sui Sui" or "Lun".

"Erya Yi Shu" in the cloud: "Sui Sui, that is, a group of jade jade, used to connect the jade jade, also known as" Lun, with silk rope to make a knot. "

From the form of objects used in the decoration of wooden figurines, this document should be correct and distinct.

A person who wears a ribbon with a pair of accessories should be "Sui Sui", and a person who wears silk cords and wears accessories should be called "Lun".

From the form of the ornaments of Chu people, most of them decorate with "Sui Sui" and "Lun", but there are also separate users.

The flexible use of Chu people reflects the multiplicity of clothing culture in Chu state.

We say that jade is a major feature of the clothing culture of Chu people. It is because of the universality of the content of Chu people's jade. We can not only see the real objects unearthed, but also understand the form of the ornaments of the Chu people through the figurines of the wooden figurines.

In addition, the historical facts of Chu people's ornaments were also recorded in ancient literature.

In the songs of Chu, Li Sao, Yun said: "long Yu Peizhi is away from the land", "the beauty of beauty": "the clouds of flowers are turning around", "the great commander" cloud, "Yu Pei Xi Lu", "the emperor of the East is too much": "Fu Long Jian Yu Yu Er, Qiang Qiang Ming Ling."

"River crossing": "with a long chivalry."

And so on, which fully shows that Pei Yu is very popular in Chu Kingdom.

Three. Discussion on related issues

Here are some immature views on the use of the aristocratic ornaments, the use of jade and the rules of ornaments.

1. the use of ornaments is based on the data of Chu tombs. Chu state is a state of ceremonial ceremonies. The above kinds of ornaments are mostly from the coffin of a tomb with more than one coffin. This shows that the ornament articles represented by jade objects belong to the category of sacrificial vessels.

It is difficult to see in the tombs of the common people. This is probably the embodiment of "courtesy not inferior to the common people". The upper ruling class of Chu state is different in the use of accessories because of their different social status.

First of all, from the quantitative perspective, there are more than 3550 kinds of jade articles excavated in the Chu tombs of the following temples. This is not comparable to the ornaments of other Chu tombs, because they are the aristocrats of the royal family of Chu. If we use the single Tomb of Chu tombs, the number of ornaments used by the aristocrats of different ranks is also different. The difference between the grades is very obvious.

For example, there are 31 pieces of M1 from Changtai Guan in Xinyang, 35 unearthed from Ping grain M16, and 55 unearthed M2 from Changfeng Yang Gong. If the three are compared, the gap is obviously too large.

If you use the type and structure relationship, you can also see their respective identities.

For example, Xinyang's Changtai Guan M1 unearthed 9 jade pieces, 10 pieces of Huang, 7 pieces of dragon shaped jade, 1 honours, 3 pieces of plain grain M16, 5 pieces of Huang, 13 13 Jurassic, 1 pieces of hooks, 7 rings and honing 2 pieces, while Changfeng Yang Gong M2 had been stolen, but they were unearthed from 36 pieces of jade pieces, pieces of 36 pieces, pieces of dragon pieces, dragon pieces, pieces of honing pieces and rings.

It can be seen that the higher the tomb owner is, the more the categories of the funeral accessories will be. From the shape of the ornaments, the Royal noble of the Chu kingdom should have more material than the other aristocratic and aristocratic aristocrats. It is not only of high quality but also of large physique, such as all kinds of ornaments unearthed from tomb 2 of Mount Wang in Jiangling.

Another example is the jade carving unearthed by Yang Gong, Changfeng, with exquisite workmanship, uniform thickness, smooth and flawless, and regular shape.

In the decoration, the design is novel, the layout is symmetrical, and the dragon and Phoenix are the main contents.

All these can explain the general situation of "ancient kings, ministers, jade, respectful and inferior", "upper and lower," and "etiquette".

2. the use of jade Bi is in the tombs of the nobles of the state of Chu. The function of jade Bi is a common phenomenon.

Therefore, the researchers represented by Comrade Yang Lixin first made a specific division according to the records of Chu literature. They believed that jade Bi had seven different functions: "offering gifts and diplomatic relations", "Li Xian", "engaging wives", "rewarding", "returning", "gathering treasure" and "God offering" [15].

However, it should also be amended and supplemented according to its role.

Like "treasure", people believed that treasure was precious and important. Treasure was just a means or form, but it could not be regarded as a function.

We believe that if combined with the analysis of the existing tombs, jade Bi should also be regarded as an ornament of Chu people. For example, the decoration of the wooden figurines of M 2:168 in Xinyang's Changtai Guan uses jade Bi, which indicates that people used to decorate with jade at the outset, and jade Pai, Huang, Pei, etc., such as Changfeng Yang Gong M2, have been grouped over the human body in groups. The overlaying of the upper and lower parts is the custom that people had already used the jade clothes to collect corpses.

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3. in order to show "superiority and inferiority", the rules of ornaments should be expressed and embodied through certain forms of ornaments.

Therefore, there must be inherent laws in the ornaments.

However, archaeological materials that reflect the patterns of the aristocratic people in Chu state have not yet been found.

Nevertheless, we can make some basic understanding with the help of single materials or similar image materials.

For example, the decoration of the terracotta warriors and the dance figurines is more symmetrical than that of the two groups. However, the ornaments of the two groups have the same identity. In the category of single objects, they are arranged in one to one, two to two ways.

Since the decorations of the dancers unearthed in the tomb of the nobles of Chu state are so, the decorative forms of the aristocrats in the Chu state should have similar generalities, and the difference is that they have been replaced or increased in categories.

In addition, from the above Chu tomb unearthed concrete ornaments, often for the odd number, odd number less, the reason for this phenomenon is likely to be used in the form of paired ornaments when Chu uses ornaments.