NASA公布新一代宇航服,關于宇航服的知識你真的了解嗎?
日前,NASA公布了兩款最新一代宇航服——登月宇航服和獵戶座飛行服,為2024年登月和未來的火星探索做準備。
登月宇航服
全稱Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Unit的登月宇航服,簡稱XEMU。采用紅、藍、白三色搭配,與以前的純白色阿波羅登月宇航服做了外觀顏色的區分。新款登月宇航服的腰部采用了一個軸承裝置,可以讓宇航員做出更大幅度、更靈活的扭腰以及轉身等動作,尤其是不會影響彎腰、蹲坐等其他動作。這意味著宇航員未來在月球表面采樣時動作會更加靈活。此外,新款登月宇航服還大大增加了肩部活動范圍,宇航員甚至可以將手臂舉過頭頂,這是以前的登月宇航服無法做到的。
同時,為應對月球的塵埃問題,新款宇航服對新增的精密設備 —— 腰部軸承裝置做了全密封處理,能夠有效阻止塵埃的入侵。同時,也采用新防塵材料對全套宇航服也做了最優化防塵設計,哪怕是細微接縫處,也盡可能地避免微塵滲入。
獵戶座飛行服
全稱Orion Crew Survival System Suit的獵戶座飛行服選擇了亮眼的橙色,外觀上更加小巧輕便,是航天飛行服的升級版。獵戶座飛行服具有以下特點:(1)可提供長達8 h的呼吸空氣,外加1 h應急儲備;(2)提供100%純氧模式,能夠讓宇航員立即投入工作;(3)一旦置身極端狀況,比如真空或近真空狀態下,獵戶座宇航服能夠為宇航員提供長達6天的安全加壓環境。
關于宇航服的發展
其實,在阿波羅登月之前人們就開始對宇航服進行研究。宇航服是一個非常復雜的系統,相當于一艘小型的太空飛船。目前,航天服使用的纖維制品主要是尼龍經編織物、PU涂層尼龍織物、氯丁橡膠涂敷尼龍織物以及聚四氟乙烯、Kevlar?和Nomex?等纖維制品。為了保護宇航員艙外行走的安全性,阿波羅探月航天服的面料甚至達21層之多,由柔軟部位與剛性部位組合提供支撐、移動和舒適性功能。
與阿波羅探月宇航服相比,NASA為火星開發的新一代的NDX-1型宇航服由包括Kevlar?和碳纖維在內的多達350種材料構成,且明顯實現了輕量化,其厚度可控制在4.8 mm左右,可適應極端的環境條件。
NDX-1宇航服雖然在減重和靈活性上均有了一定程度的提高,但本質上還是柔性結構和剛性結構的組合。在此基礎上,麻省理工學院(MIT)的Dava Newman教授團隊提出了一種像“第二層皮膚”一般的更輕薄的火星宇航服BioSuitTM。該宇航服系統的最大特點在于融合了記憶合金、被動彈性材料和靜電紡絲材料,采用半剛性的壓力條帶固定在柔性緊身服裝上制成的反壓力服,替代了傳統宇航服裝所需的笨重的充氣式壓力限制層,從而可大大減輕重量和提升靈活性。
由于空間站時代頻繁的艙外探測活動,未來宇航服不僅要滿足新的太空環境對宇航服功能的新要求,還要為宇航服減重、增加靈活性,以便更好地執行各項空間考察實驗任務。
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