Zhou Qiren: The Poor And The Poor Are &Nbsp; The Rich And The Poor Are Strong.

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I see that there are two levels of discussion on this issue.

One is the identification of facts, that is, whether China has had such a thing as "going back to the country in the past years".

Of course, there are many observations from different angles, and the conclusions are different.

As far as I am concerned about the land issue, there is a national retreat.

Because the Constitution stipulates that the land of all cities is state owned land, so the acceleration of urbanization and the expansion of the urban area, the government collectively collates more peasants' collective land into state-owned land.

This is, of course, the increase in state-owned land and the decrease in land owned by peasants.

This is a change in the stock of property.

The second level is evaluation.

If the fact is that there is a national retreat or not, then it should still be wrong, good or bad. This involves values and opinions.

But there is another aspect of the problem, which is less discussed.

That is to say, whether there is a retreat or not, whether there is a good or not, there is a basic concept: what is "state" and what is "people"? The popular discussion is to deal with the concept of "state" and "people" in opposition.

It seems that there is no "citizen" factor in this "state", and the concept of "people" can completely exclude the composition of "state".

In my view, such a concept is itself a problem.

When we use such a concept to generalize observable phenomena and evaluate value, it is easy to ignore substantive problems.

Of course, the discussion of this concept involves not only economics or political economics, nor has it been clearly understood by itself, so in the past two years, there has been no comment on the issue of national retreat.

Two years ago, on one occasion, the problem became unavoidable.

At that time, I worked for the China Economic Research Center of Peking University, which was proposed by Yifu Lin and supported by various fields, and was reorganized into the National Development Research Institute of Peking University.

By the time the University was formally approved, Yifu had gone to work in the world bank.

When I set up the opening meeting, I made a difficult decision. What is the meaning of the "state" in the "National Development Research Institute"? No way, I had to move Adam Simy's national wealth theory out.

The title of this book is Yan Fu's plation. Later, the plation and title of Guo Dali and Wang Yanan became the study of the nature and causes of national wealth.

Then, is it "national wealth" or "national wealth"?

TheWealthofNa-tions, so the key is how to understand Nation.

Nation, of course, has the meaning of "country", but this country is not State, nor is it the meaning of Country, which is filled with the form of "nationality". Of course, it is not even "government", "court" or "official".

So I used Adams's concept of Nation to interpret the "state" in the National Development Research Institute of Peking University as a "people oriented country".

That is the traditional concern of economics, that is, the increase of national wealth and the prosperity and prosperity of the people oriented country.

It was so simple at that time.

But the concept of this country has always been my reflection.

Why is it that in today's Chinese context, people say that the state only means State, only means government and government departments, or even means "officials" who are in power? Why are we here, the country of the country, the rich country, the country of the people who enter the country or the country of nationality, and if they want to find the corresponding vocabulary, it is not always easy to find Nation?

Is it because of the cultural tradition of China?

In the speech of the editor in chief, did not mention a word "Jiangshan Ji"? That's not an imported product, but a genuine Chinese culture.

What is Jiangshan county? "Jiangshan" is a territory, and the family is a set of rites in the crowd. Among them, "society" represents the God of land, and "Ji" represents the God of grain (grain).

This is the ritual of offering sacrifices to the God of the land and the God of the valley.

Why do we have to sacrifice? The answer is that agricultural civilization relies on land and grain to raise people. Therefore, the starting point and end point of sacrifice is the common people of the people. It is the well-being, wealth and wealth of the nation.

Meng Zi's famous saying is familiar to everyone: "the people are expensive, the family is the next, and the king is light."

The relationship was so clear at that early stage.

In this tradition, no matter how high the monarchical power is, how prominent the official position is and how powerful the government is, it still needs to be placed behind the people and the community in terms of political ethics.

This is the essence of China's ideological and cultural traditions, one continuous line, and flourish to the present age.

The concept of "serving the people" is the same idea that power is used for the people and power is for the people.

Therefore, we may be able to interpret the concept of "state" as a combination of three elements.

The first is the territory of a certain territory, the second is the people, and the third is the system of laws and regulations organized by the masses, including the politics, government and administration that manage the affairs of the people.

Together, Jiangshan people's triad is a complete national concept.

A country without official and government can not stand in history and reality, so it can not stand on concept.

This means that we have reason to reject the concept of the state without people.

In the top-level structure of public policy discussion, the most basic concept that needs strict scrutiny is the state.

This concept has gone wrong, and a series of problems will be skew.

To be specific, the proportion of Chinese enterprises and private enterprises in the national economy will be discussed.

Since there are state-owned enterprises, it is necessary to increase competitiveness, grow and expand and become bigger and stronger.

The question is, what is state-owned enterprise? In accordance with the provisions of the state assets law, state-owned enterprises belong to all the people's enterprises and owners are the people of the whole country.

In the past, it was called "universal enterprise".

Since the people of the whole country are owners, of course, the people of the whole country are truly "contributors".

But how can the people of the whole country act as owners and contributors? Where do 1 billion 300 million people hold meetings? How can they grasp the situation, make judgments and make decisions? There is huge information cost here.

The current solution is to entrust state-owned enterprises to state organs, which is the SASAC.

Therefore, the SASAC is precisely the duty to act on behalf of the investor.

From the analysis of economic relations, it is also a kind of relationship between entrust and entrust.

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When we discussed the establishment of the SASAC, we also remember the idea that we should place the institutions that are entrusted by the whole nation to the state-owned enterprises in the NPC and not in the government.

In that case, the SASAC will directly report to the NPC and accept the supervision of the NPC.

The most critical and sensitive question is whether the scope of activities of state-owned enterprises can cover what part of the national economy, and whether state-owned enterprises have the power to prohibit and restrict the entry of enterprises of their own organizations into the same market. This is not the administrative affairs of the government, it should be discussed, voted and legislating by the people's Congress.

However, in the end, the SASAC is still in the government, or the executive power is used to fulfill the responsibilities of investors. Its main tasks, objectives and assessment are more focused on profit and bigger and stronger, and profit distribution is not controlled by other government departments.

In this way, with the improvement of the performance of state-owned enterprises, the doubt that the state will enter and retreat will come.

The second problem is the tax system.

The economic nature of taxes is that taxpayers pay the government money to buy government services.

The reason why taxes need to be imposed is to prevent and eliminate some possible "free riding" tendencies of some people.

However, the government should not decide the type of tax and the tax burden because of its enforcement power.

However, many of our taxes are now directly decided by the executive branch, and we are self compiled and self directed.

This is unreasonable in theory.

As you can see, the volume of imports has increased recently, because many consumer goods are cheaper overseas, and people and private enterprises are always very sensitive.

As customs, of course, it is necessary to maintain the impartiality of all import tax systems, but for the so-called convenience of calculation, it is impossible to levy a tax of 1000 yuan on each iPad.

This is not a technical small problem, but a major relationship between the people and the executive branch.

The problem is that we often see such a big problem lightly, and we are more casual when we do it.

As an economist, I still have many years of experience, that is, not to raise tax proposals lightly.

Because that's the one most easily absorbed.

It is not that there is no need to increase taxes, but how to adjust the distribution of national income only by raising taxes and not reducing taxes? After so many years of national income distribution policy, it is necessary to increase the proportion of residents in national income, but the tax increase proposal can easily become a policy, and tax reduction is very difficult. The result is not farther from the goal of improving the national income distribution. So I said later, who would recommend a tax increase proposal, ask him to make a tax reduction proposal at the same time; the government introduced a tax increase policy, and at the same time considered a policy to lighten the tax burden, so as to ensure that the total tax burden will not be aggravated continuously from the economic situation.

Another recent problem is rising inflation, which is the inevitable result of excessive currency in circulation.

From the perspective of state system, what kind of practical constraints does the central bank's power on the use of basic currencies receive? This is the institutional foundation of monetary policy.

On the central bank's balance sheet, the underlying currency is recorded in the central bank's liabilities.

That is the liabilities of the central bank. In brief, those statutory reserves are liabilities of the central bank to commercial banks in accordance with the law, and the money of commercial banks comes from liabilities to depositors.

Another part of the underlying currency, that is, the currency issued, is liabilities to all the holders.

Then, under what conditions can the central bank expand debt? What is the moderation? This is a more fundamental issue than the daily monetary policy, which is the independence of the central bank.

The chairman of the Federal Reserve often goes to the Capitol Hill to report the situation and receive advice, which reflects this relationship.

China's national conditions are different, but when we use the underlying currency, for example, buying foreign exchange with the basic currency, we will expand the total liabilities of the central bank at once, and we need a set of reasonable and strict restraint mechanisms.

Otherwise, the basic currency is much more, and the price of housing is not purely technical.

Finally, it involves

Let me summarize.

I think the right country concept is based on the people, plus territorial, sovereignty and rules.

In this way, the people are the starting point and the foothold of the country. No country can stand without the people.