China Is Vigorously Solving The Problem Of Two Element Structure In Cities.
From the 30 km east of Guangzhou, the largest city in Southern China, it is called "the world".
Jeans
City of Xintang, Zengcheng, which produces 8-10 billion denim garments every year, and sells 3 jeans each in the world, one from Xintang.
Around Cowboys
clothing
The chains of spinning, dyeing, weaving, clothing and so on are occupied by one hundred thousand or so workers. Most of them are migrant workers from almost all mainland provinces in Sichuan, Hunan and Henan.
Small towns like Xintang can be found everywhere in China's developed coastal areas.
Over the past ten or twenty years, China
Economics
Rapid development has brought about a great flow of population. The floating population, especially migrant workers, is concentrated in the surrounding areas of large cities and developed areas.
Long term employment in different places has gradually formed the need to settle in different places.
However, a recent mass incident in Xintang showed that the city did not seem to be fully prepared for this.
From the two element structure of urban and rural areas to the "two element structure of the city", the influx of migrant workers has completely changed the original social structure of developed cities and towns such as Xintang.
Figures show that Xintang's local household registration population is about 200 thousand, while the number of migrant workers is 50 to 600 thousand.
There are only more than 7000 local residents in dtun village, the largest in garment factories, and nearly 60 thousand in migrant workers.
Moreover, more than ten years ago, most of the migrant workers were "fighting alone". Many migrant workers now live in their jobs, and copy their social relations in their hometown in the employment area.
Migrant workers
New home.
Li Xiangyin, a Daxian man who came to work in Xintang in 1992, is now working and living in Sichuan.
In the Yao Tian Village, which is only 10 minutes' walk from the factory, the family rented a less than 60 square meter two bedroom house from the local residents, squeezing Li Xiangyin and his wife, son, daughter-in-law, granddaughter, son-in-law granddaughter, and four brother-in-law four people.
Two pairs of "old couple" living in the living room, two pairs of "small husband and wife", three families each have a bedroom that can only accommodate a bed.
Such a "farmer's house" is visible everywhere in China's cities.
In the process of rapid urbanization, the suburbs and surrounding villages were surrounded by cities and became "villages in the city".
Although some of the local villagers are rural household registration, they have not engaged in agricultural production. Most of the local people move into the urban areas. Their common income is to rent houses.
The rental house of Li Xiangyin's house is 650 yuan a month.
This rental house has 4 households on each floor, 9 of which are large and small. If the rent per household is 650 yuan, the monthly income of the owner of the house will exceed 20 thousand yuan, which is equivalent to the total income of 8 workers working in Li Xiangyin's family.
Compared with migrant workers, locals are in a better position, and some of them are themselves.
Boss
A part of the staff in the town village can manage a job in a relative factory. The worst thing is to grow vegetables or do small businesses.
Rental housing and village collective dividends have brought a lot of income to the local people.
"The significant difference in income gives the locals a natural sense of superiority, which also leads to the estrangement between the two groups, so it can explain why there is little contact between them."
Liu Mengqin, Associate Research Fellow of the Institute of social and demographic studies, Guangdong Academy of social sciences.
"In the eyes of the old family, we are working in big cities, actually living in the village, and living and living around us are our own townsmen."
Li Xiangyin said, "apart from working in the factory, there are two things in the hometown."
Lu Xueyi, former director of the Institute of Sociology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, pointed out that migrant workers working in cities are workers, but their status is still farmers. This brings about a series of problems: migrant workers and urban workers are paid differently.
Similar to migrant workers living in Xintang Town, Chinese migrant workers are still marginalized because they do not have local accounts and work for many years.
The famous sociologist said in an interview with reporters that the phenomenon of "village in city" gathered by migrant workers shows that although the difference between urban and rural areas in China has been narrowed, the two yuan structure of urban and rural areas is still solid, and the "two city structure of the city" is a new version.
Social management is facing challenges. Because of the need of low income and low consumption, there are abundant and cheap life services in urban villages.
In many cities in the Pearl River Delta, there are only a few hundred meters away from star hotels and large supermarkets. They are crowded and rented houses, which are full of snack bars, barber shops, Internet cafes, mobile vendors and so on.
This brings great challenges to traditional urban management.
Just the management of public security in urban villages not only gives the local government a headache, but also makes the relationship between the local people and the floating population in a state of tension.
Liu Guanyou, Secretary of the Xintang Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China, for example, because the police force is equipped with the household registration population, many villages in the city are obviously lack of police force, so the village has to spend money to form a "public security joint defense team" which is mainly composed of local villagers.
In the eyes of migrant workers, some policing joint defense teams look down on outsiders and behave rudely.
In the villages of cities, the operation of motorcycles, the operation of street vendors and so on are often regarded as irregularities. They are the objects of inspection and expelling by the public security forces.
At the same time, the original public service system based on local household registration is obviously unable to meet the influx of migrant workers.
Feng Yushu, director of Xintang Municipal Education and culture office, admitted that migrant workers do not have any entertainment activities at work and rest time. They can not afford to spend money on the market. The government has not provided quality and cheap social services such as sports venues and facilities, libraries, cinemas, etc.
In a dull, monotonous, repetitive life, once there are disputes and accidents, "excitement", "fun" and "vent" are easy to become the group mentality of many young migrant workers.
Behind the prosperity of Xintang, there are deep worries.
Zhang Mudi, vice chairman of the Guangdong Sichuan chamber of Commerce textile and garment branch, said that the local economic mode of relying on cheap labor has been difficult to maintain, and the government is pushing ahead with industrial pformation and upgrading.
Many garment factories have gone downhill because of stricter environmental protection requirements and industrial policy guidance.
In addition, the impact of the international market, Xintang enterprises this year highlighted the lack of work.
Obviously, the owners and workers are not yet ready for the industrial pformation.
Wu Yixiong, the owner of a local clothing factory, said, "I have been doing 27 years of clothing, and many workers have been doing this for more than a decade or two, and I do not know what to do at the same time."
The shortage of enterprises has worried workers: will factory collapse and unemployment happen in the future? Where will the "world jeans capital" go?
Liu Mengqin, an Associate Research Fellow of the Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences, believes that the gap between the rich and the poor, the inability to integrate into the city life and confusion over the future have led to anxiety among the foreign staff.
Accidental injustice easily leads to their dissatisfaction.
A survey of the Guangzhou Federation of trade unions (FTU) by eliminating exclusion and promoting integration shows that the "post-80s" and "post-90s" migrant workers, who are the main body of migrant workers, are less local than their previous generation.
About 30% of them grew up in cities with their parents since childhood. Some old families have no land, and they basically do not understand agriculture.
"I want to take root in the city, but it is very difficult, and it is impossible to go back to the countryside."
Two years ago, the 18 year old girl from Sichuan Kaijiang County worked in Xintang. She said, "we have no roots, no plans, no directions."
Strikingly, with the strong dream of integrating into the city, China's new generation of migrant workers has a stronger sense of equality and rights protection.
According to a survey conducted by the Guangzhou Federation of trade unions, 45% of the new generation of migrant workers consider that the "equal pay for the same work" is unfair treatment at work, even more than the dissatisfaction of wages (17%) and overtime (22%).
48% of the people want the government to improve their social status and social status, and 27% want to participate in the training of rights protection knowledge.
China is paying attention to solving these problems.
The Central Committee put forward the idea of "coordinating social relations", calling for "strengthening the floating population and special groups" as an important content and paying attention to "improving the party and government led mechanism for safeguarding the rights and interests of the masses", which is considered to be very targeted.
Chi Fulin, Dean of the reform and Development Research Institute of China (Hainan), believes that the key to avoid the pain of urbanization lies in the urbanization of population, that is, to promote the citizenization of migrant workers, and to rectify the phenomenon of "semi urbanization" in "employment in cities and towns and living in rural areas", so that those migrant workers who have been employed and living in cities for a long time can get the citizenship status through certain institutional arrangements, enjoy equal public service and political rights, and become a real urban citizen.
The "household barriers" between the city people and the rural people have begun to loosen.
The Chinese government has explicitly proposed the liberalization of household registration restrictions in small and medium-sized cities, and the liberalization of household registration in large cities is also progressively proceeding.
In Guangdong, 21 cities, including Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Dongguan, have implemented the policy of integrating migrant workers into families. It is planned to guide 1 million 800 thousand migrant workers to become citizens in 2012.
Hu Xiaoyan, the first Chinese peasant worker's deputy to the National People's Congress, is one of the beneficiaries of this policy.
She said: "for migrant workers, this is not only a change of household registration, but more importantly, it can enjoy public services such as children's free schooling, medical treatment, housing, social security and so on."
At present, there are 104 thousand migrant workers in Guangdong province accumulating urban households through integration.
However, compared with the about 20000000 migrant population, this figure is obviously negligible.
Liu Mengqin pointed out that China's institutional arrangement for the citizenization of migrant workers was just a problem.
The dream of the new generation of migrant workers integrating into the city is forming a strong impact, pushing China's urbanization into the deepwater area.
In Lu Xueyi's view, the existence of more than 200 million large migrant workers who left the country and left their hometown showed that the evolution of China's social structure was seriously lagging behind.
China's current economic structure has reached the middle stage of the market economy and industrialization, but the social structure is still in the initial stage of industrialization, and the color of the planned economy is still relatively strong.
"This kind of unsuitability and disharmony is the cause of many social contradictions and mass incidents."
He said, "accelerate the reform of household registration and gradually turn the migrant workers into urban residents, so that the migrant workers born out of the planned economy will eventually enter the history and relate to the long-term stability of Chinese society."
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