Promoting The Increase Of Farmers' Income Needs Reform Of Agriculture Related System Urgently

The two yuan household registration system in urban and rural areas has not only rigidly restrained the movement and pfer of the agricultural population, but also blocked the way for farmers to increase their income through employment in cities.

Throughout the world, there are few countries that have implemented household registration and employment system in urban and rural areas. The abolition of two yuan household registration management system from the constitution, regulations, policies and even the work of local governments as early as possible is not only a historical progress, but also a fundamental issue of human rights and national treatment for farmers. It is a fundamental channel to solve the problem of increasing farmers' income.

The two yuan household registration employment system in urban and rural areas has greatly restricted the pfer of rural surplus labor force, seriously hindered the urbanization and industrialization process of society, and fundamentally blocked the way for farmers to increase income through social pformation, which should become the primary object of the reform of "agriculture related" system.

First, farmers' income increase is faced with dual constraints of market and resources.

From the perspective of market constraints, the price of agricultural products in the world market will gradually dominate the prices of major agricultural products in China after China's accession to the WTO.

Against this background, even if our government gives more preferential policies and financial support to agriculture, it is difficult for farmers to get incremental marginal revenue from the production and exchange of agricultural products.

Besides the high cost of China's agricultural products, the most important reason is that the price of the world's agricultural products has been lingering at a low level. China's agricultural products lack comparative advantages in the international market competition.

Therefore, all kinds of economic and policy measures that China can adopt at present can be constrained by low elasticity of factors such as market supply and demand, market price and so on.

Under the condition of the opening of the market and the relatively stable volume of the world's agricultural products, if the agricultural population is neither changed nor the domestic market is closed, the increase of farmers' income will not be realized.

From the perspective of resource constraints, the main land resources and labor resources in agricultural production show great contradiction. Too many agricultural labor force is attached to limited land, thus becoming the bottleneck of improving agricultural productivity.

In China, there are 490 million laborers in agricultural household registration, and only 1 billion 900 million mu in cultivated land.

If each labor force is cultivated for 10 mu, it will only need 190 million labor, plus 130 million of the labour force already employed in the township enterprises, 320 million of the effective utilization of labor force, and 170 million of the surplus labor force.

This figure has not yet included an annual increase of about ten million of the employment force.

Faced with the limited nature of per capita cultivated land resources, even if the agricultural intensive production and the optimized agricultural production structure are fully adjusted, it will be difficult for farmers to obtain the opportunity to participate in the distribution of social average profits through agricultural production, and at the same time, it is difficult to achieve marginal increase in per capita net income.

In 2003, agriculture has dropped to less than 14% in China's GDP share, but the agricultural labor force still accounts for more than 60% of the total population in China. Farmers who account for more than 60% of the total population of the country can only share 14% of the total GDP in the country.

Second, the fundamental way to increase farmers' income under the dual constraints of market and resources is to reduce farmers.

Faced with the dual constraints of the market and resources, we must break through the traditional mode of thinking in order to promote the increase of farmers' income, and seek ways to fundamentally and thoroughly solve the problem of increasing farmers' income outside the "three rural issues", that is, to increase farmers' income by means of reducing farmers' income.

At present, the urbanization process in China has lagged far behind the inherent requirement of the development of productive forces, and the level of industrialization far exceeds the level of urbanization.

The slow social pformation has left a large number of agricultural population in rural areas, resulting in increasingly prominent contradictions between people and land and difficulties in increasing farmers' income.

China's pformation from the two yuan social structure to the one yuan social structure should clearly eliminate the huge gap between GDP and rural areas.

Based on the current economic aggregate level and the total population of 1 billion 300 million, it is assumed that based on the per capita GDP of farmers and the per capita GDP of urban residents, the population of agricultural labor in China should be 182 million instead of 800 million. Assuming that the level of industrialization is synchronized with the level of urbanization and the labor productivity of the first, second, third industries is equal, the level of urbanization should reach 86%.

But the current level of urbanization is only 40%, 46 percentage points away from the ideal target.

Third, eliminating the household registration system of two yuan in urban and rural areas is a necessary measure to get through the basic way of increasing farmers' income.

The problem now is that our country has followed a basic system of counter urbanization and industrialization, that is, the formal implementation of the system in 1958. In 1982, we got the two yuan household registration employment system, which is urban-rural divided by the constitution.

Workers are divided into rural workers and urban workers.

This system has not only rigidly restrained the movement and pfer of employment of the agricultural population, but also blocked the way for peasants to increase their income by moving to the cities to obtain employment, resulting in the institutional unemployment of farmers.

Throughout the world, there are few countries that have implemented household registration and employment system in urban and rural areas. The abolition of two yuan household registration management system from the constitution, regulations, policies and even the work of local governments as early as possible is not only a historical progress, but also a fundamental issue of human rights and national treatment for farmers. It is a fundamental channel to solve the problem of increasing farmers' income.

The existing rural land system seriously restricts the effective exertion of land as a capital function, which has greatly hindered the process of agricultural industrialization and modernization, and blocked the channels for farmers to increase their income through the effective use of land.

First, the main problems of the existing rural land system.

First of all, the land property rights relationship is not clear, which reduces farmers' efficiency in land use.

At present, the property rights relationship of rural land is not clear in two aspects: first, it is difficult to separate and combine the rights and powers of land property rights.

The rights of land ownership, possession, use right, income right, disposition right and so on are often agglutinate, or separate into relative independent rights, and it is very difficult to return to the combination again.

Two, the rights and powers of land property rights are not clear.

For example, the collective ownership of land is not clear.

The vagueness of the relationship between land property rights has fundamentally affected the farmers' expectation of the stability of the land, and reduced the effect of farmers' use of land.

Secondly, the difficulty of land circulation restricts the scale management of land and reduces the multiplication efficiency of land capital.

At present, although laws, regulations and policies are encouraging or encouraging for the pfer and concentration of land, farmers are also carrying out different forms of circulation practice.

But on the whole, the farmland has not really been pferred, and the centralized operation in modern sense is rare.

The most important factor affecting farmland circulation and concentration is the lack of the right to pfer contracted land.

The difficulty of farmland circulation will make it impossible for the scale management of agriculture to be realized. The improvement of agricultural productivity will be fundamentally restrained, and farmers will lose the way to increase their income by increasing production efficiency.

Second, how to solve the two major problems in the current land system?

First of all, we should clarify the rights and powers of the land property rights and give them the due legal status.

There are two ways to solve the problem of unclear ownership of Farmland: first, to maintain the existing institutional framework of collective ownership of land, but to overcome the problem of ownership and rural administrative agencies beyond the ownership of land ownership under the existing system, and to truly implement land ownership to the mass organizations of labor autonomy so that land collectives can truly become the masses of the working people themselves.

Two, we should change the present system of collective ownership of land as a state-owned system.

According to the management mode of state-owned land, the state can pfer the right to use land, the right of possession and the right of income to the peasants, so as to truly separate land ownership from other powers and functions.

The pfer fee can be deducted year by year in the form of agricultural tax; in areas enjoying agricultural subsidies, farmers can directly use subsidy payments to offset the pfer fees.

Farmers who have obtained the right to use land through land pfer will establish long-term stability expectations for land, and will strengthen capital investment in land and improve the efficiency of land use.

Second, promote the orderly and smooth flow of land.

At present, the main obstacle to land circulation is that the contractual management right of farmland does not have all the functions of the right to the use of farmland. If it is clear from the law that the contractual right has the function of full use right in real right, the smooth circulation of land can be realized completely, and the specific circulation pattern can be varied.

The existing rural public management system seriously restricts the enthusiasm and creativity of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, hinders the release of the internal kinetic energy of farmers' income increase, and should become the key object of the reform of "agriculture related" system.

First, the township (town) political power is overstaffed, and the supply of administrative system is excessive.

First of all, the rural bipolar administrative agencies have accumulated excessive administrative costs.

At present, the administrative organs and administrative personnel of township (town) governments are extremely inflated.

According to the survey, the administrative staff of the township (town) governments are generally between 60-100 people, and large towns (towns) reach hundreds of people.

The huge redundant personnel even make the county and township financial burden unbearable.

Some towns (towns) are heavily indebted and on the verge of bankruptcy.

According to the Ministry of Finance Survey and statistics, by the end of 2003, the government debt of the township (town) level was as high as about 40000000000 yuan.

At the same time, when the township (town) government personnel are expanding, the management cost of the villagers' committee, which has been deferred as the township (town) authority, has been rising rapidly. The general village level organization has reached 10-20 people, and some areas have reached three or four or more people, forming a village government similar to the township government.

Because of the existence of too many "food expenses" personnel, the government's system of managing the countryside has produced huge social costs.

Secondly, the supply of administrative system of the two level administrative organs in rural areas is surplus.

The township (town) government has imposed too many institutional constraints on the activities of agriculture, rural areas and farmers.

According to the survey, there are nearly 100 kinds of management systems involving farmers at the township level, and hundreds of them have been reached in some townships.

In addition to the system at the township (town) level, the administrative system at the village level has expanded and expanded on the basis of the township (town) level system.

It can be said that excessive supply of administrative system has fundamentally restricted the enthusiasm of farmers' production and dampened the entrepreneurial spirit of increasing farmers' income.

Thirdly, the main measures to solve the problem of overstaffing and oversupply of administrative organs in villages and towns are also discussed.

First, the gradual pition from the abolishing of the township (town) to the complete abolish of the township power, and the contraction of the country's grass-roots political power to the county level.

Two, we should weaken the administrative function of the villagers committee and really build the villagers' committee into a community organization of peasant autonomy.

Three, the country's administrative control over rural areas is mainly achieved through legal channels.

Second, the rural public education system does not conform to the general law of national education management, and needs reform urgently.

Rural primary and secondary education is a public product that the government should provide. It should be fully incorporated into the government budget.

However, the rural primary and secondary education in China has been undertaking a considerable part of the cost by farmers.

According to the Ministry of education, the cost of farmers' personal expenses still reaches 1 / 5 of the total compulsory education expenditure. In 2002, the budgetary expenditure of governments at all levels accounted for only 78 of the total expenditure.

2%.

This figure actually underestimated the compulsory education expenses directly borne by farmers, because a large proportion of the education expenses originally borne by farmers were merged into the agricultural tax after the reform of rural taxes and fees.

In view of this situation, the state should change the current system of education for farmers as soon as possible.

It is suggested that the three levels of the central, provincial, municipal and county levels bear the burden of rural education. The two level of the provincial, municipal and county levels is responsible for nine years compulsory education, and the central government is responsible for the rural senior high school education.

If this reform is successful, farmers will directly increase their income by 30% in real terms.

This will greatly stimulate farmers' entrepreneurial enthusiasm and bring great external economic positive effects to the society.

Third, the rural public health system does not conform to the general law of national health management, and needs reform urgently.

Health care has the nature of public goods, especially in rural areas where farmers' income is very low. The characteristics of public goods in rural areas are more prominent.

Now, farmers' medical problems have become one of the biggest obstacles to farmers' income and farmers' poverty.

Because of low farmers' income and rising medical costs, farmers' health is on the decline.

Farmers' health problem has become a major problem restricting their income increase.

Experts estimate that if we can establish a practicable public health system in rural areas, farmers will only be able to tap about 30% of the potential for income growth.

For many years, the state has been advocating the rural cooperative medical system, but so far, its coverage has only accounted for 17% of the national administrative villages, and only 9.6% of the farmers who participate in the cooperative medical system.

The reason why cooperative medical service is difficult to popularize is the peasants' distrust of this system during the cultural revolution.

How to reform the rural public health system?

The author thinks that we can proceed from the overall situation of urban and rural co-ordination, and implement the "33 system" insurance of rural medical care in rural areas according to the current mode of urban medical insurance, that is, part of the state subsidy, part of the village level coordination, and the peasants are partly conceited. The government has set up a personal medical insurance account for every working age farmer, and really incorporated the peasant medical care into the state public management system.